Thermometry Based on the Melting Line of 3He
Few types of thermometry are available below 1 K, and none is sufficiently well established, readily available, or widely used in laboratories around the world. As discussed in the preceding chapters, even the ITS-90 below 1 K is affected by the degradati
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General Editors:
K.D. Timmerhaus, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Carlo Rizzuto, Department of Physics University of Genova, Genova, Italy
Founding Editor:
K. Mendelssohn, F.R.S. (deceased)
Franco Pavese • Gianfranco Molinar Min Beciet
Modern Gas-Based Temperature and Pressure Measurements Second Edition
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Dr. Franco Pavese Istituto di Metrologia “G. Colonnetti” (IMGC) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) (from 2006 merged with IEN into INRIM) Torino Italy
Dr. Gianfranco Molinar Min Beciet Istituto di Metrologia “G. Colonnetti” (IMGC) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) (from 2006 merged with IEN into INRIM) Torino Italy
ISBN 978-1-4419-8281-0 ISBN 978-1-4419-8282-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8282-7 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012938991 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 1992, 2013 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Since the beginning of the preparation of this book, which is the second edition of a previous book printed in 1992, we have been strongly convinced that temperature and pressure measurements should not be separated, particularly in different applications at low temperatures. This approach has been followed in the preparation of this second edition because advanced applications and modern experimental investigations in science and technology need the combination of various professional experiences, and this is particularly true for the thermodynamic quantities as temperature and pressure. Although the book is divided in two parts (Part I by Franco Pavese and Part II by Gianfranco Molinar Min Beciet), plus the new Chap. 11 common to the two, we always tried to correlate low temperatures with low-medium pressures as much as possible. This second edition book has been substantially revised in respect of the first edition, by considering new measurement methods, new systems and devices of the last 20 years. This reflects as well new achievements of metrology in general as the treatment of uncertainty, that is now more stable and well defined, and
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