Three-dimensional brain phantom containing bone and grey matter structures with a realistic head contour
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Three-dimensional brain phantom containing bone and grey matter structures with a realistic head contour Hidehiro Iida • Yuki Hori • Kenji Ishida • Etsuko Imabayashi • Hiroshi Matsuda • Masaaki Takahashi • Hirotaka Maruno • Akihide Yamamoto • Kazuhiro Koshino • Junichiro Enmi • Satoshi Iguchi • Tetsuaki Moriguchi • Hidekazu Kawashima • Tsutomu Zeniya
Received: 25 June 2012 / Accepted: 9 September 2012 / Published online: 26 September 2012 Ó The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Introduction A physical 3-dimensional phantom that simulates PET/SPECT images of static regional cerebral blood flow in grey matter with a realistic head contour has been developed. This study examined the feasibility of using this phantom for evaluating PET/SPECT images. Methods The phantom was constructed using a transparent, hydrophobic photo-curable polymer with a lasermodelling technique. The phantom was designed to contain the grey matter, the skull, and the trachea spaces filled with a radioactive solution, a bone-equivalent solution of K2HPO4, and air, respectively. The grey matter and bone compartments were designed to establish the connectivity. A series of experiments was performed to confirm the accuracy and reproducibility of the phantom using X-ray CT, SPECT, and PET. Results The total weight was 1997 ± 2 g excluding the inner liquid, and volumes were 563 ± 1 and 306 ± 2 mL, corresponding to the grey matter and bone compartments,
H. Iida (&) Y. Hori K. Ishida A. Yamamoto K. Koshino J. Enmi S. Iguchi T. Moriguchi H. Kawashima T. Zeniya Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Suita City, Osaka 565-8565, Japan e-mail: [email protected] E. Imabayashi H. Matsuda Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Japan M. Takahashi Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo City, Japan H. Maruno Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
respectively. The apparent attenuation coefficient averaged over the whole brain was 0.168 ± 0.006 cm-1 for Tc-99 m, which was consistent with the previously reported value for humans (0.168 ± 0.010 cm-1). Air bubbles were well removed from both grey-matter and bone compartments, as confirmed by X-ray CT. The phantom was well adapted to experiments using PET and SPECT devices. Conclusion The 3-dimensional brain phantom constructed in this study may be of use for evaluating the adequacy of SPECT/PET reconstruction software programs. Keywords Brain phantom quality control SPECT PET Attenuation correction
Introduction SPECT and PET can provide volumetric images of radiolabelled ligands’ distributions in living organs, reflected by biological and/or biochemical functions. Several procedures need to be adequately taken into account, in order to achieve quantitative reconstruction, including corrections for inhomogeneous detector sensitivity, dead time, attenuation and scatter in the object [1–5], motion of the object [6–8], systematic
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