Three-dimensional modeling and automatic analysis of the human nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses using the computationa
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RHINOLOGY
Three‑dimensional modeling and automatic analysis of the human nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses using the computational fluid dynamics method Dmitry Tretiakow1 · Krzysztof Tesch2 · Jarosław Meyer‑Szary3 · Karolina Markiet4 · Andrzej Skorek1 Received: 3 September 2020 / Accepted: 7 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose The goal of this study was to develop a complete workflow allowing for conducting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of airflow through the upper airways based on computed tomography (CT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) studies of individual adult patients. Methods This study is based on CT images of 16 patients. Image processing and model generation of the human nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were performed using open-source and freeware software. 3-D Slicer was used primarily for segmentation and new surface model generation. Further processing was done using Autodesk® Meshmixer TM. The governing equations are discretized by means of the finite volume method. Subsequently, the corresponding algebraic equation systems were solved by OpenFOAM software. Results We described the protocol for the preparation of a 3-D model of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and highlighted several problems that the future researcher may encounter. The CFD results were presented based on examples of 3-D models of the patient 1 (norm) and patient 2 (pathological changes). Conclusion The short training time for new user without a prior experience in image segmentation and 3-D mesh editing is an important advantage of this type of research. Both CBCT and CT are useful for model building. However, CBCT may have limitations. The Q criterion in CFD illustrates the considerable complication of the nasal flow and allows for direct evaluation and quantitative comparison of various flows and can be used for the assessment of nasal airflow. Keywords Nasal obstruction · Nasal resistance · 3D-model · Airflow · Airway · Adults
Introduction Breathing is an indispensable condition for human life. Air quality, airway patency, and condition determine our quality of human life and predisposition to respiratory diseases. The nasal cavity is the segment of the respiratory tract that * Dmitry Tretiakow [email protected] 1
Department of Otolaryngology, Gdansk Medical University, Smoluchowskiego Str. 17, 80‑214 Gdansk, Poland
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
3
Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Defects, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
4
II Department of Radiology, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
first encounters the inhaled air. The functioning of the entire respiratory tract depends on the quality of inhaled air leaving the nasal cavity because it is there that air is heated, humidified and cleaned. In addition, the analysis of olfactory stimuli also takes place in the nasal cavity. Various pathological changes and anatomical variations can directly or indirect
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