Time and Modality

Time and Modality is a unique work of reference; not only does it unite studies which explore the syntax and semantics of tense or modality but it is the first book of its kind to embrace the interaction of tense and modality within a coherent generative

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Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory VOLUME 75 Managing Editors Marcel den Dikken, City University of New York Liliane Haegeman, University of Lille Joan Maling, Brandeis University Editorial Board Guglielmo Cinque, University of Venice Carol Georgopoulos, University of Utah Jane Grimshaw, Rutgers University Michael Kenstowicz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hilda Koopman, University of California, Los Angeles Howard Lasnik, University of Maryland Alec Marantz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology John J. McCarthy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Ian Roberts, University of Cambridge

For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/6559

TIME AND MODALITY

Edited by

Jacqueline Guéron Université Paris 3, France

and Jacqueline Lecarme CNRS - Université Paris 7, France

Jacqueline Guéron Université Paris 3 Sorbonne Nouvelle France

ISBN 978-1-4020-8353-2

Jacqueline Lecarme Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle CNRS - Université Paris 7 France

e-ISBN 978-1-4020-8354-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008927066 © 2008 Springer Science + Business Media, B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

The contributors to this book dedicate it to Carlota Smith. . . . ‘O fearful meditation: where, alack, Shall Time’s best jewel from time’s chest lie hid? Or what strong hand can hold his swift foot back, Or who his spoil of beauty can forbid? O, none, unless this miracle have might, That in black ink my love may still shine bright’. William Shakespeare, Sonnet LXV

Preface

The papers in this volume were first presented at the International Round Table Time and Modality held in Paris in December of 2005 and organized by the Jeune ´ Equipe B 368 Syntaxe anglaise et syntaxe comparative (Universit´e Paris 3-Sorbonne Nouvelle) and by the Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Universit´e Paris 7). We wish to thank the institutions that provided financial support for the Round Table: the CNRS, the Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle, the Conseil Scientifique (Universit´es Paris 3 and Paris 7) and the Bureau des Relations Internationales (Universit´e Paris 3).

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Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

1

Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .