Timing of Readiness Potentials Reflect a Decision-making Process in the Human Brain
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Timing of Readiness Potentials Reflect a Decision-making Process in the Human Brain Kitty K. Lui 1,2 & Michael D. Nunez 1,3 Ramesh Srinivasan 1,3
&
Jessica M. Cassidy 4,5 & Joachim Vandekerckhove 1,6 & Steven C. Cramer 4,7,8 &
Accepted: 13 November 2020 # Society for Mathematical Psychology 2020
Abstract Decision-making in two-alternative forced choice tasks has several underlying components including stimulus encoding, perceptual categorization, response selection, and response execution. Sequential sampling models of decision-making are based on an evidence accumulation process to a decision boundary. Animal and human studies have focused on perceptual categorization and provide evidence linking brain signals in parietal cortex to the evidence accumulation process. In this exploratory study, we use a task where the dominant contribution to response time is response selection and model the response time data with the driftdiffusion model. EEG measurement during the task show that the readiness potential (RP) recorded over motor areas has timing consistent with the evidence accumulation process. The duration of the RP predicts decision-making time, the duration of evidence accumulation, suggesting that the RP partly reflects an evidence accumulation process for response selection in the motor system. Thus, evidence accumulation may be a neural implementation of decision-making processes in both perceptual and motor systems. The contributions of perceptual categorization and response selection to evidence accumulation processes in decision-making tasks can be potentially evaluated by examining the timing of perceptual and motor EEG signals. Keywords Decision-making . Electroencephalography . Readiness potential . Motor preparation . Perceptual categorization . Response selection
Introduction
* Michael D. Nunez [email protected] 1
Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
2
Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
3
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
4
Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
5
Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
6
Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
7
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
8
Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Decision-making has been extensively studied using twoalternative forced choice (2AFC) tasks that incorporate multiple stages of information processing (Ratcliff et al. 2016). In these tasks, participants typically perceive a visual or auditory stimulus (perception), categorize the stimulus and select one of two responses (decision-making), and respond with a motor action (response execution). Behavioral data consisting of response time (RT) and accuracy have been modeled by a number of sequential sampling models (SSM) including
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