TiO 2 embedded hydrothermally synthesized carbon composite as interlayer for lithium-sulfur batteries
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ORIGINAL PAPER
TiO2 embedded hydrothermally synthesized carbon composite as interlayer for lithium-sulfur batteries Elif Ceylan Cengiz 1,2 & Rezan Demir-Cakan 2,3 Received: 20 April 2020 / Revised: 14 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Lithium-sulfur battery chemistry is one of the best alternatives to meet the demand of future electric vehicles providing high theoretical capacity and energy density. However, Li-S batteries suffer from internal issues, most of which is due to the shuttle effect that mitigates their commercial availability. In this work, TiO2/carbon composite is synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization and used as interlayer to alleviate the shuttle effect. This interlayer is used without further pyrolysis in order not to lose the benefit of the functional groups of carbonaceous material which help in adsorbing polysulfides. Moreover, TiO2 chemically binds polysulfides and boosts the adsorbing ability of the interlayer on polysulfides to a large extent. In consequence of this approach, 630 mAh/g discharge capacity is obtained after 100 cycles at C/5 current density. The adsorption ability of the interlayer ending up with enhanced electrochemical performance is proven by XPS with the significant shifts in binding energies. Keywords Anode protection . Hydrothermal synthesis . Interlayer . Lithium-sulfur batteries . Shuttle effect . Sulfur
Introduction The limited energy density of lithium-ion batteries dictates to search for an alternative battery system with higher energy density to meet the demand of large-scale applications. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery system is of the options with its high theoretical capacity (1672 mAh/g) and energy density (2600 Wh/kg), cheapness, non-toxicity, and earth-abundancy of sulfur. However, Li-S batteries suffer from rapid capacity fading due to some internal issues that limit their implication to the market. These limitations are (i) insulating nature of sulfur, (ii) formation and dissolution of polysulfides into the organic electrolytes during cycling, (iii) shuttle effect of the Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04785-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rezan Demir-Cakan [email protected] 1
Department of Material Science and Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
2
Institute of Nanotechnology, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
dissolved polysulfides, (iv) 80% volume expansion due to the formation of Li2S at the end of discharge, and (v) dendrite formation due to the use of lithium metal anode. Several attempts have been made to mitigate the effect of insulated sulfur. The most attractive method was the impregnation of sulfur into the porous conductive matrixes [1] to cope with the insulating problem seen in sulfur-based bat
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