Tolypammina gregaria Wendt 1969-Frutexites Assemblage and Ferromanganese Crusts: A Coupled Nutrient-Metal Interplay in t
Foraminifera are the most abundant sessile organisms found on ferromanganese crusts and nodules (Greenslate 1974; Wendt 1974; Dugolinsky et al. 1977; Riemann 1983; von Stackelberg 1984; Mullineaux 1987, 1988; Verlaan 1992; Resig and Glenn 1997; Toscano an
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Introduction Foraminifera are the most abundant sessile organisms found on ferromanganese crusts and nodules (Greenslate 1974; Wendt 1974; Dugolinsky et al. 1977; Riemann 1983; von Stackelberg 1984; Mullineaux 1987, 1988; Verlaan 1992; Resig and Glenn 1997; Toscano and Raspini 2005). In fact, actual ferromanganese crusts and nodules share numerous similarities with their fossil counterparts. The oldest examples are described from the Devonian (Tucker 1973), and also occur widely distributed through the condensed Triassic and Lower Jurassic deposits (summarized in Jime´nez-Milla´n and Nieto 2006) until Plio-Pleistocene records (Jenkyns 1970; Wendt 1970; Allouc 1990; Toscano and Raspini 2005). Ferromanganese crusts and nodules are widely distributed in actual oceans, on sediment starved seafloors, slopes and seamounts. The exact mechanisms of their formation are not well understood yet, therefore abiotic, biotic as well as coupled abiotic–biotic processes are proposed. From an abiogenic point of view, Bonatti (1981) suggested four genetic types: hydrogenous, hydrothermal, diagenetic or halmyrolitic origin. On the other hand, their biogenic contribution has been linked mainly to Bacteria (Ehrlich 1963, 1968, 1971; Ghiorse and Ehrlich 1992; Wang et al. 2009) and Foraminifera. In fact, the relationship between foraminifers and their biogenic influence in the ferromanganese accretion has been widely discussed (Dugolinsky et al. 1977; Riemann 1983; Mullineaux 1987; Wendt 1974; Verlaan 1992). The most abundant foraminifers reported from ferromanganese nodules and
M. Rodrı´guez-Martı´nez (*) Departamento de Geologı´a, Universidad de Alcala´, Edificio de Ciencias, N-II Km 33.6, 28871, Alcala´ de Henares, Madrid, Espan˜a e-mail: [email protected] C. Heim, K. Simon, T. Zilla, and J. Reitner Geoscience Centre, University of G€ ottingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077, G€ ottingen, Germany
J. Reitner et al., Advances in Stromatolite Geobiology, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 131, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10415-2_25, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
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crusts by different authors are Sarcodina members and several Tolypammina species (Resig and Glenn 1997). Tolypammina gregaria Wendt is an agglutinated sessile foraminifer with a surprising behaviour, forming vertical structures which were firstly described by Wendt (1969), from Carnian sedimentary condensed deposits at Feuerkogel (Austria). The vertical accreted, pillar-like structures are buildup by Tolypammina gregaria Wendt and Frutexites. Frutexites (Maslov 1960) is a problematic Fe-rich microfossil with shrub, colloform to microstromatolitic morphology, figured as “Frutexites” from Proterozoic to Recent records [Caldera lake stromatolites at Tonga, by Kazmierczak and Kempe (2006)]. The genus Frutexites was coined by Maslov (1960) from Ordovician stromatolites of Siberian Platform. This problematic structure has been interpreted as abiotic as well as a biologically induced precipitate. The Tolypammina gregaria-Frutexites vertica
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