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Edited by I.T. Baldwin, Jena, Germany M.M. Caldwell, Logan, USA G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Germany O.L. Lange, Würzburg, Germany H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA E.-D. Schulze, Jena, Germany U. Sommer, Kiel, Germany

Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo

Soil crust community on terra rossa soils dominated by the whitish (when dry) lichen Diploschistes diacapsis in a Mediterranean shrub community, Cyprus. Insert: The moist lichen with black apothecia (photo is close to actual lichen size). (Photo O.L. Lange)

Jayne Belnap Otto L. Lange (Eds.)

Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management 1st Edition 2001, Revised 2nd Printing 2003

With 141 Figures, 64 in Color, and 30 Tables

123

Prof. Dr. Jayne Belnap US Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 2290 S. Resource Blvd. Moab, Utah 84532 USA Prof. Dr. Drs. h.c. Otto L. Lange Universität Würzburg Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften Lehrstuhl für Botanik II Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3 97082 Würzburg Germany Cover illustration: Schematic block diagram of a biological soil crust with typical colonizers (for details see Fig. 1.1 in Chap. 1). Illustration by Renate Klein-Rödder

ISSN 0070-8356 ISBN 3-540-43757-6 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Originally published as hardcover edition in 2001 (ISBN 3-540-41075-9) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Biological soil crusts : structure, function, and management ; with 30 tables / Jayne Belnp ; Otto L. Lange (ed.). - 1. ed., rev. 2. print..Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Paris ; Tokyo : Springer, 2003 (Ecological studies ; Vol. 150) ISBN 3-540-43757-6 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permissions for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a company of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001, 2003 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg Typesetting: Friedmut Kröner, Heidelberg SPIN 10882381

31/3130 YK – 5 4 3 2 1 0 – Printed on acid free paper

Preface

In arid and semiarid lands throughout the world, where the cover of vegetatio