Tomographic PIV analysis of physiological flow conditions in a patient-specific arteriovenous fistula
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Tomographic PIV analysis of physiological flow conditions in a patient‑specific arteriovenous fistula Sanjiv Gunasekera1 · Olivia Ng1 · Shannon Thomas2 · Ramon Varcoe2 · Charitha de Silva1 · Tracie Barber1 Received: 26 June 2020 / Revised: 16 October 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The arteriovenous fistula (AVF), which is a vasculature created for end-stage renal disease patients who require haemodialysis, is susceptible to many vascular diseases. It is well known that disturbed hemodynamics is a factor in the initiation of vascular disease; however, only a limited number of experimental studies have been conducted to assess the flow behaviour within the AVF. The current study is an investigation of the complex three-dimensional flow within a physiological AVF geometry, using tomographic particle image velocimetry. To this end, a benchtop model of a patient-specific geometry was created by casting silicone around a soluble 3D print of the vessels. The patient-specific boundary conditions were reproduced by driving a refractive-index matched working fluid from a pulsatile pump, which was connected to the model via a tubing network inclusive of valves and compliance chambers. The seeded working fluid was illuminated with a 1 kHz double-pulsed laser, and four high-speed cameras placed at optimised locations were used to capture the particle images, with the volume reconstructions refined by a 3D internal mask created using morphological operations. The velocity magnitude contour plots of the resulting vector field revealed two zones of low velocity in the anastomosis, while locations of high turbulent kinetic energy are observed in the anastomosis and venous regions. These results suggested that the collision of the two opposing inlet flows and the curvature at the anastomosis cause disturbance in the flow that is carried downstream.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-020-03085-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sanjiv Gunasekera [email protected] 1
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
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Experiments in Fluids
(2020) 61:253
Graphic abstract
1 Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition where the filtration ability of the kidney is severely reduced. The final stage of CKD is known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and a patient suffering from ESRD requires renal replacement treatment to substitute the function of the deteriorated kidneys. The optimum treatment is a kidney transplant (McDonald and Russ 2002), but the number of patients that are deemed eligible for a transplant significantly outnumber the available donor kidneys (ANZDATA 2018). Additionally, the general requirement to be waitlisted for a deceased donor
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