Towards a resistance management strategy for Helicoverpa armigera in Bt-cotton in northwestern China: an assessment of p
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Towards a resistance management strategy for Helicoverpa armigera in Bt-cotton in northwestern China: an assessment of potential refuge crops Zhao-Zhi Lu • Myron P. Zalucki • Lynda E. Perkins Deng-Yuan Wang • Li-Li Wu
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Received: 12 December 2012 / Accepted: 27 June 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract Transgenic Bt-cotton now dominates the cotton-growing belt in northwestern China where there are few natural plant refuges to act as sources of moths susceptible to Bt toxin. As an initial step towards developing an insect resistance management (IRM) plan for the pest moth, Helicoverpa armigera, on Bt-cotton in this part of China, we assessed the potential of six crops grown in two configurations to act as refuge hosts for susceptible moth production in both broad-acre and small-holder farms. Egg and larval abundance indicated that H. armigera had a preference for chickpea, pigeon pea, and corn, over cotton, sorghum, and benne (sesame). There were no significant differences in egg or larval abundance between plot and strip configurations of these crop hosts. We found that sorghum was not attractive to H. armigera, contrary to the findings in other cotton production areas. Moreover, chickpea, pigeon pea, and corn were determined to be
Communicated by N. Desneux
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10340-013-0517-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Z.-Z. Lu (&) Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China e-mail: [email protected] Z.-Z. Lu M. P. Zalucki L. E. Perkins School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia D.-Y. Wang L.-L. Wu Agriculture Colleges, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 42 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
potential refuge hosts based on egg and larval abundance over the growing season. From the adult moth population dynamics in broad-acre and small-holder farms, the efficiency of alternative refuge crops, and local agricultural practices, we recommend that spring corn be grown as a strip crop as part of an IRM strategy to improve the probability of Bt-susceptible moth production and mating with resistant moths in broad-acre farms. In small-holder farms where current agricultural practices are entrenched, wheat and summer corn should be evaluated as refuge crops in the future. Keywords Alternative refuge Bt-cotton Oviposition Population dynamics
Introduction Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins have become crucial tools for Heliothine pest management worldwide (Fitt 2000; Mendelsohn et al. 2003; Dalecky et al. 2006; Carrie`re et al. 2010;Wu 2010). Nonetheless, the evolutionary capacity of pests to adapt may result in the development of resistance to Bt-toxins. Insect resistance to Bt-crops has been an issue of concern to academics, governme
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