Towards a sound definition of Skeneidae (Mollusca, Vetigastropoda): 3D interactive anatomy of the type species, Skenea s
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Towards a sound definition of Skeneidae (Mollusca, Vetigastropoda): 3D interactive anatomy of the type species, Skenea serpuloides (Montagu, 1808) and comments on related taxa Gerhard Haszprunar 1,2 & Thomas Kunze 2 & Martin Brückner 2 & Martin Heß 2
Received: 17 September 2015 / Accepted: 22 December 2015 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2016
Abstract The family Skeneidae, originally characterized by their minute size, lack of nacre and a rhipidoglossate radula, is an example of a polyphyletic assemblage. Most ‘skeneimorph’ species are based on the shell, sometimes the radula and rarely features of the external body. Data on internal anatomy are almost entirely lacking. In order to provide a complete anatomical data set with histological information, we applied serial semithin sectioning and 3D reconstructions to describe and visualize the anatomy of the type species of Skeneidae, Skenea serpuloides (Montagu, 1808). In addition, comparative data are provided for three other Skeneidae, Skenea profunda Friele, 1879; Dillwynella lignicola Marshall, 1988 and Dillwynella voightae Kunze, 2011 as well as for a tiny turbinid-like species, Lodderena minima (Tenison-Woods, 1887). We diagnose Skeneidae as trochoidean vetigastropods with combined epipodial sense organs (ESOs), neck lobes, eyes with a closed vesicle and the diagnostic propodial penis. Other features include simultaneous hermaphroditism with distinct testis/vas deferens and ovary/oviduct, a urogenital opening with the right kidney
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13127-015-0260-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Gerhard Haszprunar [email protected]
1
Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns (SNSB), Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany
2
Department Biologie II and GeoBio-Zentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
and a distinct seminal receptacle. Several features of Skeneidae are explained by dwarfing through progenesis, and accordingly, we interpret paedomorphosis of various characters. In contrast, L. minima has a true hermaphroditic gland, but lacks of propodial penis and a receptaculum. Also, molecular data support an exclusion of Lodderena from the Skeneidae. Keywords Microgastropods . Systematics . Progenesis . Paedomorphosis
Introduction Fleming (1825) created the genus Skenea for Helix serpuloides Montagu, 1808 and Clark, (1851a: 472 Skeneadae as nomen nudum, 1851b: 44ff with diagnosis) designated Skenea serpuloides as the type species for the vetigastropod family Skeneidae, a concept stood for more than 120 years. Keen and McLean 1971) summed up the diagnosis of the family as follows: ‘No other family combines the features of rhipidoglossate radula, lack of nacre, and multispiral operculum’. Some authors have speculated that there may be hundreds of described and many more undescribed species of Skeneidae (e.g.
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