Towards a Sustainable Asia: Energy

This series of books are the output of the research project called "Sustainable Development in Asia (SDA)", which was initiated by the Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia (AASA). They are comprised of one synthesis report, which entitled "Towards

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TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ASIA: ENERGY

The Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia (AASA)

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ASIA: ENERGY

With 22 figures

Author The Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia (AASA) KAST Building, 7-1, Gumi-Dong Bundang-Gu Seongnam-Shi Gyunggi-Do, 463-808 Republic of Korea E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-7-03-029008-3 Science Press Beijing ISBN 978-3-642-16680-8 e-ISBN 978-3-642-16681-5 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010937229 © Science Press Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Huabin Huang Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Not for sale outside the Mainland of China (Not for sale in Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, and Taiwan, and all countries, except the Mainland of China)

The Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia (AASA) Board of Directors President Jinghai Li

Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)

Honorary President Nikolai Dobretsovv

Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Immediate Past President Ruth Arnon

Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities; Weizmann Institute of Science

Vice President M. Shamsher Ali

Bangladesh Academy of Sciences; Southeast University

Sevket Ruacan

Turkish Academy of Sciences

Secretary General M. Qasim Jan

Pakistan Academy of Sciences

Treasurer Soo Woo Nam

The Korean Academy of Science and Technology

Board Members Hassan Zohoorr

The Academy of Sciences of IR Iran

Chau Van Minh

Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology

Norovyn Altansukh

Mongolian Academy of Sciences

Ahmad Zaidee Laidin

Academy of Sciences Malaysia

Executive Director Sung-Chul Shin

The Korean Academy of Science and Technology (KAST)

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The Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia (AASA) Member Academies Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan National Academy of Sciences of Armenia Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Bangladesh Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Georgian Academy of Sciences Indonesian Academy of Sciences The Academy of Sciences of IR Iran Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Kazakhstan The Ko