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Towards the room-temperature synthesis of covalent organic frameworks: a mini-review Ahmad Reza Bagheri1,* 1

and Nahal Aramesh1,*

Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, 75918-74831 Yasouj, Iran

Received: 25 June 2020

ABSTRACT

Accepted: 5 September 2020

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous and crystalline materials which are formed based on the covalent interactions between the building monomers. These materials possess fascinating properties in terms of predesignable structure, controllable morphology, and manageable functionality which distinguished them from other polymers. COFs have also high chemical and physical stability, high surface area, and high adsorption capacity that these attributes make them excellent candidates for use in different fields. However, there are several approaches for the synthesis of COFs among which room-temperature synthesis approach is a green, versatile, and popular method which is due to its exceptional properties including simplicity, easy operation, and cost-effectiveness. In this regard, this review article presents a comprehensive view of the synthesis of COFs at room temperature as well as their applications, their limitations, and also their future perspectives.



The Author(s) 2020

Introduction Generally, the design and synthesis of new materials have always been welcomed by researchers. In the meantime, chemists have shown great interest in the synthesis of porous and crystalline structures using chemistry science [1, 2]. Porous and crystalline materials have ordered structure and also have separate molecular space which can interact with other molecules [3, 4]. In this regard, Yaghi et al. introduced porous and crystalline materials, namely covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for the first time

in 2005, which were formed based on the condensation reaction between two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) organic building monomers [5, 6]. COFs contain elements like H, B, C, N, and O which are connected together by covalent interactions (Fig. 1) [3]. COFs have designable and controllable structures that introduce them as porous materials. Also, COFs have a lower density. In this regard, COFs keep their crystalline and ordered structure in different media [7, 8]. This high stability of COFs is related to the presence of strong covalent interactions. On the one hand, COFs are porous materials with the high surface area and subsequently high

Handling Editor: Chris Cornelius.

Address correspondence to E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05308-9

J Mater Sci

Figure 1 Structures of different COFs. Reproduced with permission [3]. Copyright  2020 Royal society of chemistry.

adsorption capacity. On the other hand, the presence of hydrogen bonding and p–p interactions in COFs improves the interactions and adsorption capacity of COFs. Hence, the flexible structure, high stability, and also high adsorption capacity make COFs as amazing platforms for use in different fields including catalysts [9, 10],