Toxicity mechanism of silver nanoparticles to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii : photosynthesis, oxidative stress, membrane per
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Toxicity mechanism of silver nanoparticles to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: photosynthesis, oxidative stress, membrane permeability, and ultrastructure analysis Zhilin Zhao 1 & Limei Xu 1,2 & Yong Wang 2 & Bihan Li 2 & Wenming Zhang 3 & Xiaochen Li 1 Received: 31 July 2020 / Accepted: 16 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are widely used in daily life and inevitably discharged into the aquatic environment, causing increasingly serious pollution. Research on the toxicity of Ag-NPs is still in infancy, little information is available on the relationships between oxidative stress and antioxidant, as well as damaging degrees of Ag-NPs to cellular structural components of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtiii). In the present study, we revealed the toxicity mechanism of C. reinhardtii under Ag-NPs stress using flow cytometry (FCM), metabolic methods, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the chloroplasts were damaged and the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments was inhibited under Ag-NPs stress, which inhibited the growth of C. reinhardtii. Meanwhile, Ag-NPs also caused C. reinhardtii to produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased malondialdehyde content and changed the permeability of cell membrane, resulting in the acceleration of internalization of Ag-NPs. The decrease of cell size and intracellular chlorophyll autofluorescence was observed with FCM. To deal with the induced excessive ROS that could lead to lethal and irreversible structure damage, C. reinhardtii activated antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. This study provides new information for better understanding the potential toxicity risks of Ag-NPs in the aquatic environment. Keywords Silver nanoparticles . Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . Oxidative stress . Toxicity mechanism . Ultrastructure
Introduction The rapid development of nanotechnology has a significant impact on the economy, society, and the environment (Ji et al. 2011). Nanomaterials have been used widely in industrial sectors, medicine, and environmental areas because of their small size, distinctive structure, and surface properties (Froehlich 2012; Kachynski et al. 2008; Wei et al. 2008). However, while bringing Zhilin Zhao and Limei Xu contributed equally to this work. Responsible Editor: Ludek Blaha * Xiaochen Li [email protected] 1
Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
3
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
convenience to human, nanomaterials are inevitably released to the environment (Manier et al. 2013; Wiesner et al. 2006). In fact, the interactions between nanoparticles and aquatic organisms have been clearly identified (Oukarroum 2014), and theref
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