Toxicity of Copper in Epinephelus marginatus (Perciformes; Serranidae) After Ingestion of Contaminated Food
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Toxicity of Copper in Epinephelus marginatus (Perciformes; Serranidae) After Ingestion of Contaminated Food Aline Priscila Francisco1 · Paulo Henrique Rocha Aride2 · André Batista de Souza3 · Marcelo Fantini Polese3 · Henrique David Lavander3 · Levy Carvalho Gomes1 Received: 25 March 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus is predator fish subjected to be impacted due to the contamination of their habitats. A viable source of metal contamination, i.e., copper (Cu), in this species is the ingestion of contaminated food. The objective of this work was to verify the toxic effects of Cu contaminated feed in dusky grouper. A 15 days trial was conducted with three treatments: control, 1 g and 2 g Cu/kg of fish feed. After the trial, the gut was analyzed for Cu concentration and the liver for SOD and GST activity. The Cu concentration in the intestinal tract was significantly greater in fish from contaminated treatments when compared with control. The SOD was significantly lower in contaminated fish, and the GST did not show differences among treatments. Copper showed to be toxic for the species, as evidenced by gut accumulation and suggested by SOD response. Keywords Dusky grouper · Glutathione S-transferase · Superoxide dismutase · Gut Metal contamination is a form of pollution that constitutes a great risk to the environment and the health of living organisms, mainly in aquatic habitats. Water and food are the main pathways of metal contamination faced by organisms in aquatic environments, causing chemical and physical damages (Coppock and Nation 2018). When organisms cannot process trace metals for their essential functions, these metals can turn toxic in high concentrations. Copper toxicity arises from its competition with other essential elements for the active sites of enzymes (Feng et al. 2018); the acute effects of this metal involve damages to target tissues, especially perturbations to ionic and also osmotic regulations, oxidative stress, and enzymatic inhibition (Zebral et al. 2018).
* Levy Carvalho Gomes [email protected] 1
Universidade Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES 29102‑920, Brazil
2
Instituto Federal do Amazonas, Rua Sete de Setembro, 1975, Manaus, AM 69020‑120, Brazil
3
Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Piúma, Rua Augusto Costa de Oliveira, 660, Piúma, ES 29285‑000, Brazil
The dusky grouper E. marginatus (Lowe 1834) dwells rocky bottoms, from shallow waters to depths of more than 200 m and lives in caves made of rock blocks, being considered a benthic-pelagic predator (Andrade et al. 2003; Campos et al. 2018). Juveniles are generally limited to infralittoral areas, while adults later disperse to the rocky bottoms (Campos et al. 2018). The dusky grouper is listed in IUCN red list as vulnerable; therefore, it is necessary to understand the toxic effects of contaminants in this species, to help in the development of poli
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