Toxoplasmosis in the Middle East and North Africa
In this chapter, we summarized current knowledge on the prevalence, distribution, and major clinical manifestations of toxoplasmosis in the MENA. Risk factors for Toxoplasma infection and approaches to control were also discussed focusing on particular as
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Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clinical Aspects of Toxoplasmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquired Toxoplasmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Congenital Toxoplasmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk Factors for Toxoplasma Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prevention and Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract In this chapter, we summarized current knowledge on the prevalence, distribution, and major clinical manifestations of toxoplasmosis in the MENA. Risk factors for Toxoplasma infection and approaches to control were also discussed focusing on particular aspects to the region. Keywords MENA • Neglected tropical disease • Toxoplasmosis • Toxoplasma infection • Seroprevalence • Acquired toxoplasmosis • Congenital toxoplasmosis • Risk factors • Prevention
Introduction Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma (T.) gondii. This parasite can infect any warm-blooded vertebrate and is a pathogen of medical and veterinary significance. Since its first A. Bouratbine (*) • K. Aoun Department of Parasitology, LR 11-IPT-06, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] M.A. McDowell and S. Rafati (eds.), Neglected Tropical Diseases - Middle East and North Africa, Neglected Tropical Diseases, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1613-5_10, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014
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description by Nicolle and Manceaux in 1908 in Tunisia in a North African rodent, the gondi (Nicolle and Manceaux 1908), the parasite was progressively recognized as the agent of a widespread zoonosis. However, its entire life cycle was not definitively understood until the late 1960s, with the discovery of the central role of felids acting as definitive hosts, harboring the sexual parasitic cycle and sprea
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