Tracking Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection Across the Globe
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Ó 2020 The Author(s)
Original Contribution
Tracking Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection Across the Globe Federico Castro Monzon,1,2,3 Mark-Oliver Ro¨del,3,4 and Jonathan M. Jeschke1,2,3 1
Institute of Biology, Freie Universita¨t Berlin, Ko¨nigin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mu¨ggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany 3 Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Ko¨nigin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany 4 Museum fu¨r Naturkunde – Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany 2
Abstract: Infection records of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen that has devastated amphibian populations worldwide, have rapidly increased since the pathogen’s discovery. Dealing with so many records makes it difficult to (a) know where, when and in which species infections have been detected, (b) understand how widespread and pervasive Bd is and (c) prioritize study and management areas. We conducted a systematic review of papers and compiled a database with Bd infection records. Our dataset covers 71 amphibian families and 119 countries. The data revealed how widespread and adaptable Bd is, being able to infect over 50% of all tested amphibian species, with over 1000 confirmed host species and being present in 86 countries. The distribution of infected species is uneven among and within countries. Areas where the distributions of many infected species overlap are readily visible; these are regions where Bd likely develops well. Conversely, areas where the distributions of species that tested negative overlap, such as the Atlantic Coast in the USA, suggest the presence of Bd refuges. Finally, we report how the number of tested and infected species has changed through time, and provide a list of oldest detection records per country. Keywords: Emerging infectious disease, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Amphibian pathogen, Chytrid, Chytridiomycosis, Systematic review
INTRODUCTION The parasitic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been associated with amphibian declines across the world. Bd stands out from other emerging disElectronic supplementary material: The online version of this article (https://doi. org/10.1007/s10393-020-01504-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Published online: November 17, 2020 Correspondence to: Federico Castro Monzon, e-mail: [email protected]
eases by having driven several of its host species to extinction and gaining a notorious place as the disease with the greatest impact on vertebrate biodiversity (Skerratt et al. 2007; Scheele et al. 2019). The dramatic impact Bd has on amphibian communities has stimulated intense research and has driven a quest to understand which amphibian communities or species are susceptible to infection, where has infection been detected and since when is infection present in an area. Answering these questions ‘‘who, where and when’’ presents a great challe
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