Trade-off Between Cost and Safety To Cope with Station Blackout in A PWR in A Deregulated Electricity Market
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Trade‑off Between Cost and Safety To Cope with Station Blackout in A PWR in A Deregulated Electricity Market Ghafour Ahmad Khanbeigi1 · Gholamreza Jahanfarnia1 · Naser Mansour Sharifloo1 · Mohamad Kazem Sheikh‑el‑Eslami2 · Kaveh Karimi3 Received: 30 July 2019 / Revised: 14 January 2020 / Accepted: 8 July 2020 © The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2020
Abstract In this paper a close solution is presented to determine the trade-off between cost and safety to cope with station blackout (SBO) in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). To compute the profit of each generation unit, a Supply Function Equilibrium (SFE) model swhich considers carbon tax is used in a uniform electricity market. A hierarchical heuristic method is applied for decision making on safety improvement of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). In this method the break-even point is used as a criterion to make a decision on comparing cost of safety improvement and profit of NPP in a deregulated electricity market. This method is applied in a case of adding an Emergency Water Supply (EWS) and an Emergency Diesel Generator (EDG) to a NPP where impacts of its investment cost and its profit are investigated. The achieved results show that the break-even point of investment cost and net profit of the NPP by adding the EDG is one month later than NPP with addition of EWS. Keywords PWR safety · Station blackout · Payback period · Economics Abbreviations Indices i,j Bus number i, j = {1, 2…,M} t Hours y Year f Generating firm Sets N Set of all buses S Set of generation units * Gholamreza Jahanfarnia [email protected] Ghafour Ahmad Khanbeigi [email protected] Naser Mansour Sharifloo [email protected] Mohamad Kazem Sheikh‑el‑Eslami [email protected] Kaveh Karimi [email protected] 1
Department of Nuclear Engineering, Science and Researches Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
Power System Lab, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3
East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
D Set of consumers T Set of hours in the understudy period uf Set of unbound generating units of firm f F Set of generating firms Sf Set of generating units of GENCO f Parameters ai Cost function parameter of generator i in $/MWh ki Cost function parameter of generator i in $/MWh bi Cost function parameter of generator i in $/MW2h 𝛼i(t) Bid of generator i at hour t in $/MWh Price function parameter of demand i at hour t in c(t) i $/MWh di(t) Price function parameter of demand i at hour t in $/MW2h 𝜌i Emission intensity of generator i in ton/MWh 𝛾 0 Carbon tax first-order parameter in $/ton β Carbon tax second-order parameter in ($/ton)/ (ton/h) Vector of generation powers at hour t = 0 P(0) S Ry Net cash flow in $ Constants Pmax Upper active power generation limits of unit i Si min PS Lower active power generation limits of unit i i Urri Upper ramp rate limit of unit i in perunit/h Drri Lower ramp rate limit of unit i in perunit/h
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r Discount rate h 8760
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