Traditional vs. modified approach of pine needle char beehive block production
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Traditional vs. modified approach of pine needle char beehive block production Hemant Kumar Sharma 1
&
T. K. Bhattacharya 2 & R. P. Singh 2 & A. K. Verma 3
Received: 2 July 2020 / Revised: 4 September 2020 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Pine needle char beehive blocks are the alternate source of energy utilizing the abundantly available perilous pine needle biomass in the Uttarakhand state. The blocks were previously made with traditional method, which becomes obsolete. This research provides a significantly amended modified approach. The traditional approach and modified approach of pine needle char block making were evaluated based on economics, production rate and proximate analysis. The cost of each piece of char:soil block made traditionally was Rs. 8 whereas Rs. 3.20 for modified block. The modified approach has a greater capacity of 24 kg/h than the traditional approach of 7.20 kg/h. The production rate of traditional approach was 12 blocks/h, whereas modified approach has 48 blocks/h production rate. The proximate analysis shows that the modified blocks have low moisture content, ash content and high volatile matter than the traditionally prepared blocks. The calorific values of traditional blocks were in the range of 18– 20 MJ/kg whereas 18.7–28.9 MJ/kg for modified blocks. The modified approach to pine needle char beehive blocks production is an advanced technique with enhanced fuel characteristics properties of blocks that will encourage rural development and selfemployment in the hilly region of India. Keywords Biomass . Pine needle (Pinus roxburghii) . Char . Beehive briquetting . Proximate analysis . Calorific value
1 Introduction Biomass energy is the primary key source of future energy. The agricultural waste and residues are available in enormous quantities in India, for instance, rice husk, soybean stalks, cotton stalks, pigeon pea stalk, safflower residue, groundnut
shell, etc. By the year 2050, biomass energy will be used 15– 50% as the world’s primary energy source. Presently 11% of the world’s energy is supplied by biomass energy. In India, the availability of biomass was estimated at 500 million metric tons (MMT) per year. The superfluous biomass availability was 120–150 million metric tons which were equivalent to
Novelty Pine needle biochar beehive blocks are renewable, sustainable, and alternate fuel for household cooking and industrial application, utilizing the hazardous pine needle biomass responsible forest fire in the hilly region. The developed modified approach is an advanced technique for block making procedure with high calorific (19–29 MJ/kg) and economical (Rs.3.20 per block) values than the traditional approach (Rs.8 per block) for rural development and generating self-employment in hilly regions by this technique. * Hemant Kumar Sharma [email protected] T. K. Bhattacharya [email protected] R. P. Singh [email protected] A. K. Verma [email protected]
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