Transactinide studies with sulfur macrocyclic extractant using mercury
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Transactinide studies with sulfur macrocyclic extractant using mercury Maryline G. Ferrier1 · Kelly N. Kmak2 · William M. Kerlin1 · Carlos A. Valdez1,3 · John D. Despotopulos1 Received: 18 March 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract Mercury extraction has been studied in nitric and hydrochloric acids with hexathia-18-crown-6 dissolved in carbon tetrachloride. Batch study experiments have been performed to determine the best conditions for maximum extraction. In both acids, Hg(II) was best extracted at low molarity while almost no extraction was observed above 2 M. Speciation studies were carried out in an attempt to describe the extraction mechanism, but the exact composition of the extracted species was not determined. The extraction kinetics were studied to assess the feasibility of this crown ether for extracting Cn and/or Fl in a future online experiment. Keywords 197mHg · Transactinide · Thiacrown · Extraction · Homologs · Pseudo-homologs
Introduction The transactinides are elements beyond the end of the actinide series (i.e., Z > 103), also often called superheavy elements, that are placed in the seventh and last row of the periodic table. This row starting with element 104 (rutherfordium, Rf) and ending with element 118 (oganesson, Og) was officially completed with the recent formal acceptance of the discovery of elements 113 (nihonium, Nh), 115 (moscovium, Mc), 117 (tennessine, Ts) and 118 [1]. Studies of transactinide element properties are linked to an understanding of the physics and the chemistry at the end of the periodic table since their electronic structures are heavily influenced by relativistic effects [2–5]. Experimentally, the lighter transactinides (Z = 104–108) have been shown to belong to Groups 4 through 8 of the Periodic Table, respectively [6]. Relativistic effects scale with Z2 and can lead to Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07320-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * John D. Despotopulos [email protected] 1
Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
2
University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
3
Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
deviations in chemical bonding characteristics for the transactinides when compared with the lighter homologs from the same group [4, 7]. Therefore, the only way to assign the true placement of superheavy element in the periodic table is through the studies of their chemical properties. Data can then be compared to their homologs (i.e., elements from the same group) and to their pseudo-homologs (i.e., elements from neighboring groups, having distinguishing different chemical properties). Depending on the experiment (i.e., target material, thickness, beam properties, etc.) the typical production rate of superheavy element such as 287/288/289Fl a
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