Transactional Relationships among Cognitive Vulnerabilities, Stressors, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence
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Transactional Relationships among Cognitive Vulnerabilities, Stressors, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence Esther Calvete & Izaskun Orue & Benjamin L. Hankin
Published online: 24 October 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
Abstract The transactional cognitive vulnerability to stress model Hankin & Abramson (Psychological Bulletin, 127:773–796, 2001) extends the traditional diathesis-stress model by proposing that the relationships among cognitions, depressive symptoms, and stressors are dynamic and bidirectional. In this study three different pathways among these variables were assessed simultaneously: (1) cognitive vulnerabilities and stressors as predictors of depressive symptoms (vulnerability model), (2) depressive symptoms and cognitive vulnerabilities as predictors of stressors (stress generation model), and (3) depressive symptoms and stressors as predictors of cognitive vulnerabilities (consequence model). A fully cross-lagged design panel was employed with 1,187 adolescents (545 girls and 642 boys, Mean Age0 13.42 years) who were assessed at two time points separated by 6 months. They completed measures of cognitive vulnerabilities (maladaptive schema domains and negative inferential style), stressors, and depressive symptoms. Inferential style and schemas of the disconnection and rejection domain predicted prospective increases in depressive symptoms. Initial levels of depressive symptoms and most cognitive vulnerabilities predicted greater stress generation. Initial levels of stressors and depressive symptoms predicted an increase in negative inferential style and maladaptive schema domains over time. These bidirectional relationships E. Calvete : I. Orue University of Deusto, Vizcaya, Spain B. L. Hankin University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA E. Calvete (*) Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Apdo. 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain e-mail: [email protected]
were mostly similar for boys and girls, although there were a few gender differences. The findings support a transactional model with reciprocal relationships among stress, depressive symptoms, and cognitive vulnerabilities. Transactional implications for depression interventions among adolescents are discussed. Keywords Depression . Inferential style . Maladaptive schemas . Stress generation . Consequence hypothesis . Adolescents
During adolescence the prevalence of depression increases dramatically (Avenevoli et al. 2008) whilst sex differences in both depressive symptoms and disorders emerge (Hankin et al. 1998). These changes make adolescence a critical period to study the development of depression. Although multiple factors contribute to the development of depression, cognitive styles and stress provide key elements to understand both the increase of depression in adolescence and the higher rates of depression among adolescent girls. Traditional cognitive vulnerability models have focused on the role of both stress and cognitive styles as precursors of depressive symptoms. How
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