The Conceptualization of the Positive Cognitive Triad and Associations with Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The Conceptualization of the Positive Cognitive Triad and Associations with Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents Caroline M. Pittard1 · Patrick Pössel2 · Jill L. Adelson3 · Susan H. Spence4 · Jeanie Sheffield5 · Michael G. Sawyer6 Accepted: 14 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The positive cognitive triad (positive cognitions about the self, world, and future) has been considered a protective factor against depressive symptoms. This study examines three conceptualizations of the positive cognitive triad and their relation to depressive symptoms. Analyses were replicated in two samples in order to provide evidence for the validity of findings. Two samples (n1 = 2982, Mage = 13.04, Rangeage = 11–15 years; n2 = 2540, Mage = 13.11, Rangeage = 11–16 years) of Australian adolescents completed the Positive Cognitive Triad Inventory and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Findings supported the notion that the overall positive cognitive triad is a protective factor for depressive symptoms, and specifically, the role of positive cognitions about the self in this protection. After future studies examine the directionality of the relation between positive cognitions and depressive symptoms, mental health providers using cognitive behavioral approaches may consider examining positive cognitions with patients. Keywords Depression · Adolescents · Risk/protective factors · Cognitive triad · Thinking style
Depression in Adolescents and Associated Outcomes Adolescent depression is an international concern [1]. In the United States alone, around 3 million adolescents had a major depressive episode in 2015 [2]. In Australia, rates of Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01062-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
major depressive disorder over the past 12 months have been reported to be approximately 5.4% for males and 9.5% for females ages 11 to 15 [3]. By age 18, one in five adolescents has experienced depression [4]. Depression has implications for adolescents’ current and future functioning. 1 in 10 adolescents with depression are at risk for poor academic performance, low homework completion and poor class attendance [5]. Further, depression is the reason for more missed days of school than any other mental 2
Patrick Pössel [email protected]
College of Education and Human Development, University of Louisville, Woodford and Harriett Porter Building, 1905 South 1st Street, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
3
Jill L. Adelson [email protected]
Duke University Talent Identification Program, 300 Fuller Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
4
Jeanie Sheffield [email protected]
Australian Institute of Suicide Research and Prevention and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Level 1, Building M24, Mount Gravatt Campus, 176, Messines Ridge Rd., Mt. Gravatt, QLD 4121, Australia
5
Michael G. Saw
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