Transforming Health Care through Digital Revolutions
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© Indian Institute of Science 2020.
Transforming Health Care through Digital Revolutions Ram D. Sriram1* and Eswaran Subrahmanian1,2 Abstract | The Internet, which has spanned several networks in a broad range of domains, is having a significant impact on every aspect of our lives. The next generation of networks will utilize a wide variety of resources with significant sensing capabilities. Such networks will extend beyond physically linked computers to include multimodal-information from biological, cognitive, semantic, and social networks. This paradigm shift will involve symbiotic networks of smart medical devices, and smart phones or mobile personal computing and communication devices. These devices—and the network—will be constantly sensing, monitoring, and interpreting the environment; this is sometimes referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). We are also witnessing considerable interest in the “Omics” paradigm, which can be viewed as the study of a domain in a massive scale, at different levels of abstraction, in an integrative manner. The IoT revolution, combined with the Omics revolution (genomics and socio-omics or social networks) and artificial intelligence resurgence, will have significant implications for the way health care is delivered in the United States. After discussing a vision for health care in the future, we introduce the P9 health care concept, followed by a discussion of a framework for smart health care. Then, we present a case study and research directions, followed by examples of ongoing work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Keywords: Internet of Things, Social networks, Health information technology, P9 medicine, Medical devices, Interoperability, Ontology, Modeling, Cyber-physical systems
1 Introduction According to a report by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services [CMS] (https://www. cms.gov), the United States spent nearly $3.6 trillion dollars on health care in 2018. This amount is about 17.7% of the nation’s GDP. Assuming a steady increase, this expenditure would be nearly $4 trillion dollars in 2020. Hence, it is important to understand the various trends that will affect the future of health care. The journey to future health care will involve advances mainly in three dimensions (see Fig. 1): (1) advances in health care technology; (2) advances in health care delivery; and (3) advances in computer science and information technology. Advances in health care technology include
J. Indian Inst. Sci. | VOL xxx:x | xxx–xxx 2020 | journal.iisc.ernet.in
breakthroughs in the human genome project, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, and medical devices. In health care practice, we have novel methods developed for better disease management, evidence-based health care across the continuum of care, and mind–body medicine. Innovations in computer science and information technology are helping us handle and understand the vast amount of health information (we will use the word IT to denote computer science and information technolo
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