Transporters of glucose and other carbohydrates in bacteria
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INVITED REVIEW
Transporters of glucose and other carbohydrates in bacteria Jean-Marc Jeckelmann 1 & Bernhard Erni 1 Received: 10 December 2019 / Revised: 1 April 2020 / Accepted: 2 April 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Glucose arguably is the most important energy carrier, carbon source for metabolites and building block for biopolymers in all kingdoms of life. The proper function of animal organs and tissues depends on the continuous supply of glucose from the bloodstream. Most animals can resorb only a small number of monosaccharides, mostly glucose, galactose and fructose, while all other sugars oligosaccharides and dietary fibers are degraded and metabolized by the microbiota of the lower intestine. Bacteria, in contrast, are omnivorous. They can import and metabolize structurally different sugars and, as a consortium of different species, utilize almost any sugar, sugar derivative and oligosaccharide occurring in nature. Bacteria have membrane transport systems for the uptake of sugars against steep concentration gradients energized by ATP, the proton motive force and the high energy glycolytic intermediate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Different uptake mechanisms and the broad range of overlapping substrate specificities allow bacteria to quickly adapt to and colonize changing environments. Here, we review the structures and mechanisms of bacterial representatives of (i) ATP-dependent cassette (ABC) transporters, (ii) major facilitator (MFS) superfamily proton symporters, (iii) sodium solute symporters (SSS) and (iv) enzyme II integral membrane subunits of the bacterial PEP-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS). We give a short overview on the distribution of transporter genes and their phylogenetic relationship in different bacterial species. Some sugar transporters are hijacked for import of bacteriophage DNA and antibacterial toxins (bacteriocins) and they facilitate the penetration of polar antibiotics. Finally, we describe how the expression and activity of certain sugar transporters are controlled in response to the availability of sugars and how the presence and uptake of sugars may affect pathogenicity and host-microbiota interactions. Keywords ABC . Antibiotic . Bacteriocin . Bacteriophage . Chemotaxis . Glucose . Maltose . Mannose . Microbiota . Phosphotransferase system . PTS . Sugar transport . Symporter . Xylose
Introduction Glucose (Glc) is the primary product of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation by marine algae, cyanobacteria and terrestrial plants. An estimated 2.6·1011 tons of CO2 is converted annually corresponding to the production of 1.7·1011 tons of Glc. Glc and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) are the building blocks of cellulose and of chitin, the most abundant and This article is part of the special issue on Glucose Transporters in Health and Disease in Pflügers Archiv—European Journal of Physiology * Jean-Marc Jeckelmann [email protected] Bernhard Erni [email protected] 1
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medi
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