Traumatic Events Are Associated with Diverse Psychological Symptoms in Typically-Developing Children
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Traumatic Events Are Associated with Diverse Psychological Symptoms in Typically-Developing Children Mackenzie S. Mills 1 & Christine M. Embury 2,3,4 & Alicia K. Klanecky 1 & Maya M. Khanna 1 & Vince D. Calhoun 5,6,7,8,9 & Julia M. Stephen 6,7,8,9 & Yu-Ping Wang 10 & Tony W. Wilson 2,3 & Amy S. Badura-Brack 1
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Abstract Childhood traumatic events are significant risk factors for psychopathology according to adult retrospective research; however, few studies examine trauma exposure and psychological symptoms in pre-adolescent children. Typically-developing children, aged 9– 12 years (N = 114), were recruited from the community and selected from the Developmental Chronnecto-Genomics (Dev-CoG) study examining child development. Children completed questionnaires about traumatic life events, posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, dissociation, anger, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Parents also completed internalizing and externalizing measures. The number of traumatic events significantly correlated with symptom severity across all child-report psychological measures, but surprisingly, trauma was not correlated with any parent-report scores. Follow-up analyses revealed a significant trauma effect for internalizing and externalizing behaviors according to child self-report, but not for parent-report measures. Results indicate that childhood trauma may be a non-specific risk factor for sub-clinical psychopathology in otherwise typically-developing children. Moreover, children appear to be the most appropriate reporters of their own psychological distress. Keywords Trauma . Adverse childhood experiences . Psychopathology . Development . Internalizing and externalizing behaviors
* Amy S. Badura-Brack [email protected]
1
Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
Mackenzie S. Mills [email protected]
2
Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Christine M. Embury [email protected]
3
Center for Magnetoencephalography, UNMC, Omaha, NE, USA
4
Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
5
Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico (UNM), Albuquerque, NM, USA
6
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, USA
7
Department of Computer Science, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, USA
8
Department of Psychiatry, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, USA
9
The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
10
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
Alicia K. Klanecky [email protected] Maya M. Khanna [email protected] Vince D. Calhoun [email protected] Julia M. Stephen [email protected] Yu-Ping Wang [email protected] Tony W. Wilson [email protected]
Journ Child Adol Trauma
Introduction Half of all youth experience at least one traumatic event during childhood (Barzilay et al. 2018; Felitti et al. 1998). Hig
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