Treatment of Intermediate Uveitis
The term intermediate uveitis (IU) was introduced by the International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) to define an idiopathic inflammatory syndrome, mainly involving the anterior vitreous, the peripheral retina, and the ciliary body to replace previously used
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Treatment of Intermediate Uveitis Elisabetta Miserocchi, Umberto De Benedetto, and Giulio Modorati
Contents 9.1 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.1.3 9.1.4 9.1.5 9.1.6
9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4 9.4.5 9.4.6 9.4.7 9.4.8 9.4.9 9.4.10 9.4.11 9.4.12
Systemic Treatment .................................... Systemic Corticosteroids .............................. Cyclosporine ................................................ Tacrolimus .................................................... Methotrexate................................................. Azathioprine ................................................. Mycophenolate Mofetil ................................ Alkylating Agents ........................................ Cyclophosphamide ....................................... Chlorambucil ................................................ TNF-α Blockers ........................................... Interferon ...................................................... Daclizumab ..................................................
143 143 143 145 145 147 147 149 149 150 151 151 152
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9.5 9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3 9.5.4
Surgical Treatment ..................................... Cryotherapy .................................................. Laser Photocoagulation ................................ Vitrectomy .................................................... Cataract Surgery ...........................................
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References ...............................................................
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Introduction ................................................ Definition...................................................... Epidemiology ............................................... Clinical Features........................................... Complications .............................................. Differential Diagnosis .................................. Intermediate Uveitis and Multiple Sclerosis .................................. 9.1.7 Intermediate Uveitis in Children ..................
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9.2 Treatment .................................................... 9.2.1 Indication for Treatment...............................
138 138
9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3
139 139 139
9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6 9.3.7
Local Treatment ......................................... Corticosteroids ............................................. Periocular Corticosteroids ............................ Intraocular Vitreal Injections of Triamcinolone Acetonide (IVTA) ............ Intraocular Implant Device: Fluocinolone ................................................. Intraocular Implants Device: Dexamethasone ............................................ Comparison Between the Different Implants ........................................................ The Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial ...............................................
E. Miserocchi, MD (*) • U. De Benedetto, MD G. Modorati, MD Ophthalmology – Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Service, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgetina 60, Milan 20123, Italy e-mail:
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