Trust Beliefs, Biases, and Behaviors in Borderline Personality Disorder: Empirical Findings and Relevance to Epistemic T
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PERSONALITY AND IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS (R LEE, SECTION EDITOR)
Trust Beliefs, Biases, and Behaviors in Borderline Personality Disorder: Empirical Findings and Relevance to Epistemic Trust Sara Rose Masland 1
&
Sophie Elizabeth Schnell 1 & Tanya Vikram Shah 1
Accepted: 15 September 2020 / Published online: 9 December 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review This review summarizes empirical research on trust in BPD, including three primary areas: the prevalence of paranoia, trustworthiness appraisals, and trust-related behaviors in economic exchange paradigms. Connections to the largely theoretical study of epistemic trust in BPD are highlighted. Recent Findings In trust appraisal paradigms, people with BPD have a bias to rate others as untrustworthy. In behavioral exchange games, they report lower trust in partners and are more likely to rupture cooperation. Recent research has suggested potential explanations for these findings, including differences in affective processing, aberrant social norms and expectations, and difficulty attending to and incorporating social cues. Summary People with BPD commonly experience paranoia, generally regard others as untrustworthy, and act accordingly. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of altered trust processing and to integrate empirical research with recent theoretical research on epistemic trust. Keywords Borderline personality disorder; trust . Cooperation . Epistemic trust
Introduction In every interaction—from sharing an elevator with a stranger to discussing relationship difficulties with a spouse—trust enables us to proceed in an inherently uncertain world. To trust is to make oneself interpersonally vulnerable, with the expectation and/or hope that others will act with positive intentions [1]. Trust is central to interpersonal interactions across contexts, and particularly relevant to close relationship functioning [2]. Trust difficulties predict lower relationship satisfaction [3], greater variability in perceptions of romantic partners [4], and lower perceived closeness to partners [5]. Difficulties with trust are particularly salient in people with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although typical descriptions of BPD do not feature trust impairments, they are implied in the disorder’s diagnostic criteria. BPD includes temporary, This article is part of the Topical Collection on Personality and Impulse Control Disorders * Sara Rose Masland [email protected] 1
Pomona College Department of Psychological Science, 647 North College Way, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
stress-related paranoia, as well as significant fears of interpersonal abandonment and unstable representations of relationship partners [6]. In the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders [6], BPD is defined in part by high trait antagonism, akin to low agreeableness, a trait domain that includes trust [7]. Trust difficulties in people with BPD are of longstanding clinical interest [8–16]. Research on trust in BPD has focused predominantly o
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