Trypanosomiasis and Filariasis
Trypanosomes and filarial nematodes are important pathogens in humans and domestic animals. However, the majority of the infections reported from nonhuman primates (NHPs) are nonpathogenic. Moreover, those hemoparasites are relatively host-specific, which
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Trypanosomiasis and Filariasis Jan Votypka, Jana Brzonova, and Klara J. Petrzelkova
Abstract Trypanosomes and filarial nematodes are important pathogens in humans and domestic animals. However, the majority of the infections reported from nonhuman primates (NHPs) are nonpathogenic. Moreover, those hemoparasites are relatively host-specific, which means that transmission from NHPs to humans is highly unlikely with the exception of nonpathogenic Trypanosoma rangeli and Trypanosoma cruzi and the T. brucei complex, which cause Chagas disease and sleeping sickness in humans, respectively. NHPs may also act as reservoir hosts for some nonpathogenic human filarial parasites, e.g., Mansonella streptocerca. Though many studies on those hemoparasites were conducted in the last century, recent studies remain rather neglected due to the logistical, ethical, and administrative challenges associated with the collection of blood or tissue samples in wild NHPs. In this chapter, we present an overview of trypanosomes and filarial nematodes infecting NHPs with information about their distribution, biology, pathogenesis, and their zoonotic potential.
J. Votypka (*) Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected] J. Brzonova Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic K. J. Petrzelkova Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 S. Knauf, L. Jones-Engel (eds.), Neglected Diseases in Monkeys, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52283-4_15
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Keywords Trypanosoma filariasis · Leishmania · Plasmodium · Hemoparasites · Chagas disease · Sleeping sickness · Zoonosis · Vectors
15.1
Introduction
Hemoparasites are often an underappreciated participant in the epidemiology of some of the most important zoonosis (Burgos-Rodriguez 2011). The best-known hemoparasites are the vector-borne Plasmodium spp. These intracellular parasites infect humans as well as nonhuman primates (NHPs) and all five Plasmodium species that are causative agents of human malaria are derived from primates’ ancestors (Singh et al. 2004; Cox-Singh et al. 2008; Prugnolle et al. 2011). However, also other blood parasites found in NHPs, e.g., trypanosomes and filarial nematodes, are important pathogens in humans and domestic animals. Trypanosomes from the Trypanosoma brucei complex are responsible for sleeping sickness in humans and nagana or surra in livestock, Trypanosoma cruzi causes human Chagas disease in Latin America, and filarial parasites are responsible for human and animal filariasis. The majority of the hemoparasites reported from NHPs, however, are considered to be nonpathogenic to their hosts (i.e., infections are primarily asymptomatic) and rel
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