Tumour-Associated Macrophages
Macrophages are tissue resident phagocytes that have important roles in development and immunity. The observation that cancers become infiltrated by large numbers of macrophages was first made by Virchow in 1863, clinical and experimental studies suggest
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Toby Lawrence • Thorsten Hagemann Editors
Tumour-Associated Macrophages
Editors Toby Lawrence Centre d’Immunologie Marseille Luminy Inserm-CNRS-Universitie de Mediteranee Inflammation Biology Group Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 906 Marseille Cedex 9, France [email protected]
Thorsten Hagemann Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London, EC1M 6BQ, UK [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4614-0661-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-0662-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0662-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011937444 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Macrophages are tissue resident phagocytes derived from blood monocytes; they have diverse functions in development and immunity and display enormous phenotypic heterogeneity. Macrophages in different tissues have specialized and specific functions that support organ development and physiology, for example, kupffer cells in the liver filter debris from the blood and aid liver regeneration after injury, Langerhans cells in the skin are important immune sentinel cells and mediate immune surveillance, osteoclasts mediate bone morphogenesis, and microglia in the brain support the development and maintenance of neuronal networks. In response to inflammation or injury, monocytes are recruited into tissue and differentiate locally into macrophages and depending on the nature of the insult or injury these macrophages may acquire distinct phenotypes. Tumours are frequently infiltrated by large number of macrophages and in most cases this is linked with tumour progression and poor prognosis. Macrophage polarization is a poorly defined phenomenon; the mediators and mechanisms that maintain the phenotype of distinct macrophage subsets in both physiology and disease remain to be described. Based primarily on in vitro studies, two particular macrophage phenotypes have been described: “classically” activated or M1 macrophages are characterized by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased microbicidal or even tumouricidal activity. The second, “alternatively” activated or M2 macrophages, in c
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