Twin-Screw Extruder in Pharmaceutical Industry: History, Working Principle, Applications, and Marketed Products: an In-d
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Twin-Screw Extruder in Pharmaceutical Industry: History, Working Principle, Applications, and Marketed Products: an In-depth Review Mori Dhaval 1 & Shweta Sharma 1 & Kiran Dudhat 2 & Jayant Chavda 1 Accepted: 9 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Twin-screw extruder (TSE), originally built and developed for plastic and rubber industries approximately 100 years ago, is now slowly but steadily gaining popularity in the pharmaceutical industry for manufacturing various dosage forms. TSE has proven to be a robust, multi-purpose, and environment-friendly instrument that has displayed the potential to revolutionize the manufacturing processes in the pharmaceutical industry. Having the facility to arrange process analytical tools at various segments, TSE has given an opportunity to the manufacturers for monitoring the quality of the product at critical stages of the manufacturing process and thus helped in shifting the focus of the pharmaceutical industry from “end product testing” to “building the quality at each stage.” The broad applicability of TSE in formulating ranges of dosage forms is been evident from the large numbers of research papers (more than 100) that have been published and marketed formulations that have entered the market in the last 10 years. The published research papers have demonstrated the applicability of TSE in preparing a variety of dosage forms and intermediates such as pharmaceutical salts, co-crystals, solid dispersions, transdermal gels, solid lipid nanoparticles, and ready to compressed granules. Keywords Twin-screw extruder . Continuous manufacturing . Marketed formulations . Dosage forms preparation . History . Working mechanism
Introduction In 1871, Sturges secured one of the earliest patents on singlescrew extruders which was designed for pumping soap as a spirally arranged flanges/screws on a shaft [1]. The widespread usage of single-screw extruders began in early 1930 for the extrusion of thermoplastic material in the polymer industry
* Mori Dhaval [email protected]; https://www.bkmp.cte.guj.in Shweta Sharma https://www.bkmp.cte.guj.in Kiran Dudhat [email protected] Jayant Chavda https://www.bkmp.cte.guj.in 1
B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Polytechnic Campus, Near Ajidam, Rajkot, Gujarat 360005, India
2
K. V. Virani Institute of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Badhada, Gujarat, India
and around 1935, they started to get used in the continuous extrusion of pasta products in the food industry [2]. While the initial development of single-screw and twin-screw extruders started relatively simultaneously, the acceptance and widespread implementation of single-screw extruders was smoother and quicker compared to twin-screw extruders due to mechanical simplicity and cost-effectiveness [3]. The major differences between single- and twin-screw extruders lie in the mechanism they use to transport the material (how material moves forward in the barrel) and their mixing intensity [4]. The transport mechanis
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