Bacterial Pharmaceutical Products
Bacterial pharmaceutical products include antibiotics, antitumor agents, immunomodulators, and enzyme inhibitors. Other bioactive products of bacterial origin are coccidiostatic agents, nematicides, and insecticides. In addition, Escherichia coli, the pro
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Secondary Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Families of Classical Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Nonclassical Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Search for New Antibiotics in the Following Decades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Antitumor Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Other Bioactive Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Immunosuppressive Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Enzyme Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Insecticides and Antiparasitic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Biochemical and Genetic Aspects of Secondary Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Regulation of Secondary Metabolite Production . . . . . . . 268 Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . 269 The Three Classes of Biosynthetic Reactions . . . . . . . . 270 Products from Modern Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Production of Recombinant Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Hosts for Recombinant Protein Production . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Escherichia coli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Saccharomyces cerevisiae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Mammalian Cell Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Genetic Engineering of Secondary Metabolism . . . . . . . . . 274 Protoplast Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Use of Genetic Engineering to Improve Productivity or to Produce Modified Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Combinatorial Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Polypeptide Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Closing Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Abstract Bacterial pharmaceutical products include antibiotics, antitumor agents, immunomodulators, and enzyme inhibitors. Other bioactive products of bacterial origin are coccidiostatic agents, nematicides, and insecticides. In addition, Escherichia coli, the prototype of molecular biology, is one of the most important hosts for the production of pharmaceutical recombinant proteins.
The approach to antibiotic discovery, denoted as ‘‘screening,’’ proposed by Waksman in 1940, was so effect
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