Ultrahigh strength of three-dimensional printed diluted magnesium doping wollastonite porous scaffolds
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esearch Letters
Ultrahigh strength of three-dimensional printed diluted magnesium doping wollastonite porous scaffolds Jiajun Xie, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China† Huifeng Shao, Zhejiang Province’s Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China† Dongshuang He and Xianyan Yang, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Chunlei Yao and Juan Ye, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China Yong He and Jianzhong Fu, Zhejiang Province’s Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China Zhongru Gou, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Address all correspondence to Dr. Z. Gou at [email protected] (Received 18 August 2015; accepted 13 November 2015)
Abstract Beyond the traditional phase conversion or biphase mixing hybrid, we developed the dilute magnesium-doped wollastonite inks and threedimensional (3D) printing approaches to fabricate the ultrahigh strength bioceramic porous scaffolds. The mechanical strength (>120 MPa) of the porous bioceramics was an order of magnitude higher than the pure wollastonite and other stoichiometric Ca–Mg silicate porous bioceramics. This abnormal but expected improvement in strength in bioceramic scaffolds is equivalent or even superior to the mechanical requirement in load-bearing bone defects. The breakthrough is totally unexpected, and it quickly opens the door for the 3D printing bioceramics manufacture and large-area segmental bone defect repair applications.
Introduction Despite the wide use of porous bioceramics as scaffolds, the design and optimization of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering remain an inexact science. Criteria which must be considered in the design of biomaterials include the provision of appropriate biodegradability, high bioactivity, appreciable mechanical strength, and adequate pore interconnectivity with pore sizes large enough to allow continuous tissue ingrowth and sufficient fluid diffusivity.[1] The compressive strength of cortical bone, primarily in the shaft of long bones, is usually in the range of 100–150 MPa in the direction parallel to the axis of orientation. There is a general consensus that porous scaffolds should be highly open macroporous structures (>40%–60%) to favor rapid diffusion or the flow of cell nutrients to allow cell migration.[2] Macropore sizes are suggested to be in the range of 150–500 µm for bone regeneration.[3,4] These mechanical and structural requirements are heavily influenced by the pore sizes, pores morphology, pores interconnectivity in scaffolds, and in particular, the material itself.[1,3,5] Particularly for large bone defects in
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