Ultrasonic-Assisted Nano-Nickel Ferrite Spinel Synthesis for Natural Gas Reforming
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Ultrasonic‑Assisted Nano‑Nickel Ferrite Spinel Synthesis for Natural Gas Reforming Dalia R. Abd El‑Hafiz1 · Mohamed A. Ebiad2 · Ayat A.‑E. Sakr2 Received: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Recently, attention has been paid to the development of a reforming process that can be used to convert non-combusted natural gas (NG) to value-added products. In this study, a template-free nano-spinel nickel ferrite (Fe70Ni30)-based oxygen carrier is prepared via an ultrasonic assistance method. Its physicochemical properties are characterized using X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance, Raman spectra, temperature-programmed reduction, the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area, and transmission electron microscope. The efficiency of Fe70Ni30 is evaluated in CO2 dry reforming of methane, combined dry-steam reforming of methane, and steam activation chemical looping (CL) reforming under atmospheric pressure and various temperatures (600–700 °C). By controlling the reaction temperature higher hydrocarbons (> CH4) are formed directly (at 600 °C), or through the produced syngas (H2/CO ~ 2) at 700 °C which is suitable for the Fischer Tropsch process. In addition, methanol is directly formed and its selectivity increased during the CL reforming reaction under atmospheric pressure and at 700 °C, which considered as mild conditions compared to previously studied methanol production reactions. The prepared Fe70Ni30 catalyst could be used for the reforming of NG streams that contain CH4, CO2 and H2O, which are typical unconventional NG constituents (e.g., of biogenic gas) without complicated pretreatment purification steps. Keywords Natural gas reforming · Spinel nickel ferrite · Oxygen carrier · Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis · Chemical looping · CO2/CH4 reforming · Combined H2O/CO2/CH4 · Methane bi-reforming
1 Introduction Natural gas is a gaseous hydrocarbon fossil fuel. In its typical composition, methane is the main constituent. According to its formation pathway, other hydrocarbon (higher than methane) and non-hydrocarbon (e.g., C O2 and H 2O) components can be found in raw natural gas. It can be classified as conventional natural gas (when accompanied by petroleum) and unconventional gas (when it is not accompanied by Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01718-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ayat A.‑E. Sakr [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Petroleum Refining Division, Catalysis Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, P.B. 11727, Cairo, Egypt
Analysis & Evaluation Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, P.B. 11727, Cairo, Egypt
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petroleum, e.g., shale gas, gas hydrate, and biogas) [1]. It is regarded as the cleanest fossil fuel. According to BP Energy Outlook, (2018), the natural gas global demands in many sectors are
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