Understanding Terrorist Finance

Wittig presents the first unified coherent framework for the systematic analysis of terrorist finance. With empirical examples from around the globe, he dispels several popular myths about these activities to make an important step forward in our understa

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Understanding Terrorist Finance

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Understanding Terrorist Finance Timothy Wittig

Palgrave

macmillan

© Timothy Wittig 2011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-29184-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-33212-0 ISBN 978-0-230-31693-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230316935 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wittig, Timothy. Understanding terrorist finance / Timothy Wittig. p. cm. Includes index. 1. Terrorism—Finance. HV6431.W5664 2011 363.325—dc22

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To Sarah

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Contents

List of Tables and Figures

viii

Acknowledgments

ix

List of Abbreviations

x

1 Understanding Terrorist Finance: Challenges and Issues

1

2 Terrorist Finance: Myth and Reality

43

3 Asking the Right Questions about Terrorist Finance

97

4 Understanding Terrorist Finance as Interaction with Value Chains

112

5 Understanding Terrorist Finance as a Continuum of Material Support

141

6 Terrorist Finance and International Relations

159

Conclusion

188

Notes

192

Bibliography

220

Index

230

vii

List of Tables and Figures

Tables 1.1 Who finances terrorism? Actors and actor types involved in financing Chechen terrorism, Georgian–Chechen border, 1999–2002 1.2 How is terrorism financed? Activities involved in financing Chechen terrorism, Georgian–Chechen border, 1999–2002 1.3 The count