United States and Britain in Diego Garcia The Future of a Controvers
Diego Garcia is a pivotal US base for all Middle East operations. This book describes its evolution from a secret US-UK bilateral deal in 1966 and the deportation of the native population in the 70s to its new role in Gu
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United States and Britain in Diego Garcia The Future of a Controversial Base Peter H. Sand
UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN IN DIEGO GARCIA
Copyright © Peter H. Sand, 2009. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-61709-4 All rights reserved. First published in 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-38028-2 DOI 10.1057/9780230622968
ISBN 978-0-230-62296-8 (eBook)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: July 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CON T E N T S
List of Illustrations
vii
Preface
ix
1 History: Empire’s Last-Born Colony
1
2 Human Rights: How to Depopulate an Island
15
3 Power Politics: “Our” Ocean
35
4
43
Military Secrecy: Public Access Denied
5 Nemesis: Natural Heritage Dredged—and Drowned
51
6 Epilogue: The Lords’ Day?
63
Appendices (U.S.-UK Official Documents on Diego Garcia)
69
I
Agreement London, December 1966
69
II Agreed Confidential Minutes, London, December 1966
81
III
Supplement London, October 1972
84
IV
Supplement London, February 1976
91
V
Amendment London, June 1976
105
VI Supplement Washington, D.C., December 1982
107
VII Supplement Washington, D.C., November 1987
109
VIII Agreement London, June/July 1999
111
vi
Contents IX Exchanges of Letters, London-Washington, D.C., 2001–2004 X
House of Lords Judgment, London, October 2008
116 122
Notes
145
Index of Names
193
Subject Index
203
I L LU ST R AT ION S
Maps 1 2 3
Indian Ocean Map—Diego Garcia, 2007 U.S. Navy, Existing Land-Use Map Diego Garcia, 1997 Ramsar Convention Map—Diego Garcia Protected Site, 2001
x 12 61
Exhibits 1
UK-U.S. Secret Side-Note to Agreement on Diego Garcia, 1966 2 UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Resettlement Memorandum, 1971 3 UK-Mauritius Îlois Claims Agreement, 1982
6 18 26
Figure 1
IRIS/IDA Seismic Data Diego Garcia, Tsunami, 2004
46
Table 1
U.S. Congress, Diego Garcia Construction Budget 1970–1987
36
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PR E FAC E
Demain Diego: pa rakont zistwar abriti nou ar lespwar. Demain Diego: anglé mérikin mantèr kouraz anvolé ar volèr. MICHEL DUCASSE1
This book is intended as both primer and template—to tell the exemplary story of a “strategic island” base from a variety of angles: colonial hi
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