Unraveling Polymeric Nanoparticles Cell Uptake Pathways: Two Decades Working to Understand Nanoparticles Journey to Impr
Polymeric nanoparticles have aroused an increasing interest in the last decades as novel advanced delivery systems to improve the treatment of many diseases. Hard work has been performed worldwide designing and developing polymeric nanoparticles using dif
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Unraveling Polymeric Nanoparticles Cell Uptake Pathways: Two Decades Working to Understand Nanoparticles Journey to Improve Gene Therapy C. Fornaguera, C. Castells-Sala, and S. Borrós Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles have aroused an increasing interest in the last decades as novel advanced delivery systems to improve the treatment of many diseases. Hard work has been performed worldwide designing and developing polymeric nanoparticles using different building blocks, which target specific cell types, trying to avoid bioaccumulation and degradation pathways. The main handicap of the design is to understand the final fate and the journey that the nanoparticle will follow, which is intimately ligated with the chemical and physical properties of the nanoparticles themselves and specific factors of the targeted cells. Although the huge number of published scientific articles regarding polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical applications, their use in clinics is still limited. This fact could be explained by the limited data reporting the interaction of the huge diversity of polymeric nanoparticles with cells. This knowledge is essential to understand
Authors C. Fornaguera and C. Castells have equally contributed to this chapter. C. Fornaguera (*), C. Castells-Sala, and S. Borrós Grup d’Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain e-mail: [email protected]
nanoparticle uptake and trafficking inside cells to the subcellular target structure. In this chapter, we aim to contribute to this field of knowledge by: (1) summarizing the polymeric nanoparticles properties and cellular factors that influence nanoparticle endocytosis and (2) reviewing the endocytic pathways classified as a function of nanoparticle size and as a function of the receptor playing a role. The revision of previously reported endocytic pathways for particular polymeric nanoparticles could facilitate scientist involved in this field to easily delineate efficient delivery systems based on polymeric nanoparticles. Keywords
Endocytosis · Polymeric nanoparticles · Cellular uptake · Cell transfection · Cellular trafficking · Exocytosis
Abbreviations BBB Chol CME CR CvME FBS
Blood Brain Barrier Cholesterol Clathrin-mediated endocytosis Complement receptor Caveolin-mediated endocytosis Fetal bovine serum
C. Fornaguera et al.
FcyR FR MR NPs PA PAMAM PBAE PCL PE PEG PEGDA PEI PIC PL PLA PLGA PS PVA PVP RBP SR TR
1
Immunoglobulin G receptor Folate receptor Mannose receptor Nanoparticles Polyacrylamdie Polyamidoamine Poly(βaminoesters) Polycaprolactone Polyester Poly(ethylene glycol) Poly(ethylene glycole) diacrilate Polyethyleneimine Phase inversion composition Polylisine Poly(lactic acid) Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Polystyrene Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(N-vinylpurrolidone) Retinol binding protein Scavenger receptor Transferrin receptor
Introduction
Nanotechnology includes science, engineering and technology conducted with the use and application of materials at the nanometer scale;
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