Upgrading of Biomass-Derived Furans into Value-Added Chemicals
Biomass-derived furans, e.g. furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, can be produced from the hydrolysis of biomass-derived chemicals. Upgrading of biomass-derived furans into value-added chemicals is a promising strategy for biomass valorization. Many chem
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Upgrading of Biomass-Derived Furans into Value-Added Chemicals Song Song, Guangjun Wu, Naijia Guan, and Landong Li Abstract Biomass-derived furans, e.g. furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, can be produced from the hydrolysis of biomass-derived chemicals. Upgrading of biomass-derived furans into value-added chemicals is a promising strategy for biomass valorization. Many chemical or enzymatic methods have been developed for the transformation of biomass-derived furans, while catalytic conversions are more attractive since they are efficient. Simple catalysts with monofunctional sites tend to exhibit low selectivity for multi-step transformations. Therefore, design of bifunctional or even multi-functional catalysts is needed for efficient catalytic conversion of biomass-derived furans into value-added chemicals via multiple-step reactions. In this chapter, an overview will be provided on the recent achievements made with bifunctional catalysts for the upgrading of biomass-derived furans via selective hydrogenation, selective oxidation, Diels-Alder reaction and others. Particularly, reaction pathways and plausible reaction mechanisms for biomass-derived furans upgrading with bifunctional catalysts will be discussed.
9.1 Introduction to Biomass-Derived Furans 9.1.1 Furans from Biomass Furfural (FFR) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are two main biomass-derived furans [1, 2], which are in the U.S. Department of Energy list of bio-based chemicals as “Top 10 + 4” according to the report by Petersen [3]. FFR, with the chemical formula of C5H4O2, is an oxygen heterocyclic ring compound with an aldehyde functional group. It appears as a colorless liquid with an almond odor and its color becomes darker when exposed to air probably due to partial degradation. FFR is mainly produced through the acid-catalyzed transformation of xylose, which comes
S. Song • G. Wu • N. Guan • L. Li (*) School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 Z. Fang et al. (eds.), Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Bifunctional Catalysts, Biofuels and Biorefineries 8, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5137-1_9
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from renewable nonedible agricultural sources, e.g. food crop residues and wood wastes (Fig. 9.1) [4, 5]. HMF, with the chemical formula of C6H6O3, consists of a furan ring, which contains both alcohol and aldehyde functional groups. Typically, HMF can be produced from the dehydration of glucose (Fig. 9.1) [6–8]. The biomass-derived furan, 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran (3A5AF), has been reported as another compound of interest as it can be synthesized from waste crustacean shells by combining chitin hydrolysis and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine dehydration. The 3A5AF is proposed as a nitrogen-containing building block for sustainable biomass- derived chemicals (Fig. 9.1) [9–11]. Research on 3A5AF is just in its initial stages [12] although its import
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