Hydrothermal Conversion of Biomass into Fuel and Fine Chemicals
Hydrothermal conversion is an important thermochemical conversion technique that is used to convert waste biomass into valuable products or biofuel. The process is usually performed in the presence of water at high temperature and high pressures. The biom
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Hydrothermal Conversion 2.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization 2.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction 2.3 Hydrothermal Gasification 2.4 Conversion Chemistry 3 Hydrothermal Conversion Process Conditions 3.1 Effect of Temperature 3.2 Effect of Hydrothermal Media 3.3 Effect of Biomass to Solvent Ratio 3.4 Effect of Catalyst 4 Biomass to Fuel 5 Biomass to Fine Chemicals 6 Conclusion References
Abstract Hydrothermal conversion is an important thermochemical conversion technique that is used to convert waste biomass into valuable products or biofuel. The process is usually performed in the presence of water at high temperature and high pressures. The biomass is depolymerized to form three phases such as biocrude, biogas, and biocarbon into small components in water. Based on the process conditions (temperature, pressure, catalyst, and time), the yield of the phases varies accordingly. Comparing to other thermochemical conversion techniques like combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification, the hydrothermal conversion is highly appropriate for handling biomass with high moisture content. According to the physicochemical properties of water, the process can be classified as hydrothermal
C. D. Venkatachalam (*), M. Sengottian, and S. R. Ravichandran Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India e-mail: [email protected] Manuel Jerold, Santhiagu Arockiasamy, and Velmurugan Sivasubramanian (eds.), Bioprocess Engineering for Bioremediation: Valorization and Management Techniques, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_583, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
C. D. Venkatachalam et al.
carbonization, hydrothermal liquefaction (at subcritical conditions T, 250–374 C, and P, 4–22 MPa), and hydrothermal gasification (at supercritical conditions T > 374 C and P > 22 MPa). There has been significant research reported on the hydrothermal conversion of lignocellulosic biomasses, algal biomasses, and also coutilization of these two with other waste materials. The interaction of water with the biomass results in formation of various chemicals like acids, alcohols, cyclic ketones, phenols, and methoxyphenols and more condensed structures like naphthols and benzofurans. This chapter focuses on the influence of the process parameters and types of biomass utilized on the hydrothermal conversion of biomass. Additionally, the use of biomass as not only an energy source but also as a viable source for value-added chemicals is discussed. Keywords Biocrude, Biomass, Fine chemicals, Hydrothermal conversion
1 Introduction Energy Alternatives India (EAI) estimates 450–500 million tons of biomass is produced from various sources in that 31.2% of it is highly utilized for production of bioenergy [1]. Bioenergy is one of the key renewable resources taken from different sources that is awfully heterogeneous. Bioenergy is the most suitable form of alternate energy that is derived from biological substances rich in organic substance – biomasses. For each generation of feedstock, the compositions vary broadly and are tedious to classify a
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