Uptake and release kinetics of 22 polar organic chemicals in the Chemcatcher passive sampler
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RESEARCH PAPER
Uptake and release kinetics of 22 polar organic chemicals in the Chemcatcher passive sampler Etiënne L. M. Vermeirssen & Conrad Dietschweiler & Beate I. Escher & Jürgen van der Voet & Juliane Hollender
Received: 17 December 2012 / Revised: 18 February 2013 / Accepted: 26 February 2013 / Published online: 27 March 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract The Chemcatcher passive sampler, which uses Empore™ disks as sampling phase, is frequently used to monitor polar organic chemicals in river water and effluents. Uptake kinetics need to be quantified to calculate timeweighted average concentrations from Chemcatcher field deployments. Information on release kinetics is needed if performance reference compounds (PRCs) are used to quantify the influence of environmental conditions on the uptake. In a series of uptake and elimination experiments, we used Empore™ SDB disks (poly(styrenedivinylbenzene) copolymer modified with sulfonic acid groups) as a sampling phase and 22 compounds with a logKow (octanol–water partitioning coefficient) range from −2.6 to 3.8. Uptake experiments were conducted in river water or tap water and lasted up to 25 days. Only 1 of 22 compounds (sulfamethoxazole) approached equilibrium in the uptake trials. Other compounds showed continuing non-linear uptake, even after 25 days. All compounds could be released
from SDB disks, and desorption was proportionally higher in disks loaded for shorter periods. Desorption showed two-phase characteristics, and desorption was proportionally higher for passively sorbed compounds compared to actively loaded compounds (active loading was performed by pulling spiked river water over SDB disks using vacuum). We hypothesise that the two-phase kinetics and better retention of actively loaded compounds—and compounds loaded for a longer period—may be caused by slow diffusion of chemicals within the polymer. As sorption and desorption did not show isotropic kinetics, it is not possible to develop robust PRCs for adsorbent material like SDB disks. Keywords Passive sampling . Chemcatcher . POCIS . Pharmaceuticals . Biocides
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00216-013-6878-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. E. L. M. Vermeirssen (*) : C. Dietschweiler : B. I. Escher : J. van der Voet : J. Hollender Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] J. Hollender Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland B. I. Escher National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia Present Address: E. L. M. Vermeirssen Oekotoxzentrum, Eawag/EPFL, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
Passive sampling technology has been used successfully to monitor volatile contaminants in the air [1] and organic contaminants i
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