Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto and How to Observe Them
This book tells the story of two giants and a dwarf. The giants, Uranus and Neptune, are mostly huge balls of gas, and they make their home in the remotest reaches of the Solar System. The dwarf, Pluto, which can usually be found even farther out than the
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Richard W. Schmude, Jr.
Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and How to Observe Them
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Richard W. Schmude, Jr. Gordon College Barnesville, GA USA [email protected]
ISBN: 978-0-387-76601-0 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-76602-7 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76602-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008920267 # 2008 Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com
Dedication This book is dedicated to the many people who have helped me along the way: First, to my father and mother, Richard and Winifred Schmude, who first showed me the stars and answered my many science questions; next, to the many fine teachers and professors that I have had along the way; also, to all of the fine people at Optec, Inc., who make a great line of photometers without which I would not have been able to carry out much outer solar system research; and finally, to the many friends who have encouraged me along the way, including Jim Fox and Jerry Sherlin of the Astronomical League, Donald Parker, John Westfall, Ken Poshedly, Richard Jakiel, and Walter Haas of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers, Richard McKim and John Rogers of the British Astronomical Association, and Kim Hay of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.
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Author’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1. The Uranus System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upper Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Middle Atmosphere (Stratosphere) . . . . Lower Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyclic Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-Term Brightness Changes . . . . . . Other Characteristics of the Atmosphere Interior of Uranus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnetic Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collision Fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Captured Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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