Urban open spaces from a dispersal perspective: lessons from an individual-based model approach to assess the effects of
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Urban open spaces from a dispersal perspective: lessons from an individual-based model approach to assess the effects of landscape patterns on the viability of wildlife populations Homero Marconi Penteado 1,2,3 Accepted: 17 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Green areas drawn on a city plan represent open spaces that have different meanings for humans and wildlife. Diverse kinds of green may influence species viability in urban environments. It is necessary to understand what those areas mean for wildlife populations and how land-use changes affect habitats and movements for making scientifically defensible planning and design decisions. My objective was to demonstrate how open space and urban development patterns affect the viability of wildlife populations in urbanizing landscapes from a movements perspective. Eight scenarios for 2060 for an urbanizing area near Portland, Oregon combined four open space (none, corridors, parks, and network) with two urban development patterns (compact and dispersed). Dispersal model HexSim simulated three target species – Red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora), Western meadowlark (Sturnella neclecta) and Douglas squirrel (Tamasciurus douglasii) – movements on those scenarios to compare and contrast sustained populations to the ca. 2010 baseline landscape. Network scenarios presented the largest number of frog breeders. Greenway scenarios showed the largest populations of squirrels. Park and network scenarios sustained viable populations of meadowlarks, but park scenarios performed best. Compact development scenarios performed best for most indicators, while dispersed development scenarios performed better for meadowlarks. Network scenarios performed best when considering the collective of species. Networks presented more diverse habitats, sustaining higher diversity of species. For plans to sustain more species, more comprehensive and diverse habitats must be promoted, otherwise trade-offs should be expected – like the extinction of meadowlarks in greenway scenarios. Keywords Urban open space . Wildlife population viability . Spatial concepts . Alternative future scenarios . Dispersal model . HexSim
Introduction Urban planning is a complex endeavor where open space is one of many subsystems of concern. Others include transportation, economic development, housing needs, public health and water supply (Forman 2008). Planning of new urban
* Homero Marconi Penteado [email protected] 1
Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture and Environment, College of Design, University of Oregon, E 13th Ave, OR 97403 Eugene, USA
2
Departamento de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
3
Present address: Department of Environmental Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
zones customarily involves deep understanding of cultural and socioeconomic systems, but open spaces are not always among the top prioritie
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