Uremic Solutes and Sarcopenia

Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by muscle wasting and decreased muscle endurance. Many insights have been made into the molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy in CKD. A persistent imbalance between protein synthesis and degrada

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Uremic Toxins and Organ Failure

Hideyuki Saito  •  Takaaki Abe Editors

Uremic Toxins and Organ Failure

Editors Hideyuki Saito Department of Pharmacy Kumamoto University Hospital Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences

Takaaki Abe Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan

Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan

ISBN 978-981-15-7792-5    ISBN 978-981-15-7793-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7793-2 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Contents

1 Overview of Uremic Toxins ����������������������������������������������������������������������   1 Toshimitsu Niwa 2 Review: Uremic Toxins and Gut Microbiome ����������������������������������������  17 Takehiro Suzuki and Takaaki Abe 3 Gut Microbiota and Systemic Uremic Solute Accumulation ����������������  41 Eikan Mishima 4 Uremic Toxin-Related Systemic Disorders����������������������������������������������  53 Suguru Yamamoto 5 Uremic Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease��������������������������������������������  69 Toyoaki Murohara 6 Indoxyl Sulfate and Arteriosclerosis��������������������������������������������������������  83 Toshiaki Nakano 7 Uremic Toxicity and Bone in CKD ����������������������������������������������������������  95 Yoshiko Iwasaki, Hideyuki Yamato, and Masafumi Fukagawa 8 D-serine as a Novel Uremic Toxin������������������������������������������������������������ 115 Haruki Ouchi, Yosuke Hirakawa, and Reiko Inagi 9 Uremic Solutes and Sarcop

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