Urinary microRNAs expression in prostate cancer diagnosis: a systematic review
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Urinary microRNAs expression in prostate cancer diagnosis: a systematic review R. M. Paiva1 · D. A. G. Zauli2 · B. S. Neto3 · I. S. Brum1 Received: 12 January 2020 / Accepted: 25 March 2020 © Federación de Sociedades Españolas de Oncología (FESEO) 2020
Abstract Purpose Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to have the potential as noninvasive diagnosis biomarkers in several types of cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Urine-based miRNA biomarkers have been researched as an alternative tool in PCa diagnosis. However, few studies have performed miRNA detection in urine samples from PCa patients, as well as low numbers of miRNAs have been assayed, and there is a lack of standard strategies for validation. In this context, we conducted an in-depth literature review focusing on miRNAs isolated from urine samples that may contribute to the diagnosis of PCa. Methods A systematic review was performed searching the PubMed, Lilacs and Cochrane Library databases for articles focused on the value of significantly deregulated miRNAs as biomarkers in PCa patients. Results Only 18 primary manuscripts were included in this review, according to the search criteria. Our results suggest that miR-21-5p, miR-141-3p, miR-375 and miR-574-3p should be considered as potential urinary biomarkers for the diagnosis of PCa. Conclusion These results suggested that large-scale prospective studies are still needed to validate our findings, using standardized protocols for analysis. Keywords microRNAs · Diagnosis · Urine · Biomarkers · Prostate cancer
Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, with an estimated 1.3 million new cases in 2018 and the fifth leading cause of cancer death [1]. The PCa incidence increases with age, affecting mainly men over 50 years of age, resulting in major impacts on healthy systems. Early diagnosis is essential because the clinical behavior ranges from a well-differentiated tumor * I. S. Brum [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Molecular Endocrine and Tumoral Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences of Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS 90050‑170, Brazil
2
Research and Development Division, Hermes Pardini Group, Vespasiano, MG, Brazil
3
Department of Urology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
(clinically insignificant) to an aggressive metastatic PCa that causes death. The primary biomarker for PCa diagnosis is the prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the first FDA-approved test, widely used in clinical [2]. However, the low specificity and sensibility of PSA have resulted in many unnecessary prostate biopsies and overtreatment of patients with indolent PCa. An increase in the PSA level can indicate the presence of tumor cells, but can also associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), infection, or inflammation. Serum PSA testing for the detection of PCa has appr
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