Use of Permanent Magnets in Accelerator Technology: Present and Future
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USE OF PERMANENT MAGNETS IN ACCELERATOR TECHNOLOGY: PRESENT AND FUTURE* KLAUS HALBACH Center for X-Ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 ABSTRACT Permanent magnet systems have some generic properties that, under some circumstances, make them not only mildly preferable over electromagnets, but make it possible to do things that can not be done with any other technology. After a general discussion of these generic advantages, some specific permanent magnet systems will be described. Special emphasis will be placed on systems that have now, or are likely to have in the future, a significant impact on how some materials research is conducted. FOREWARD Due to a large number of previous commitments, it is impossible for me to find the time to write a paper before the deadline that describes-in the standard fashion the content of the talk that I gave at the conference. While Dr. Sankar, one of the chairmen of this symposium, accepted this as a matter of fact, he nevertheless wanted me to contribute something to the proceedings. As a consequence, I proposed to write a paper in a very unconventional manner that reduces the work involved significantly: After an introduction, I will simply reproduce (most of) the viewgraphs I showed in my talk, and give a detailed legend for each figure, but without connecting text, hoping that this will trigger the memory of the audience Dr. Sankar graciously present at the symposium sufficiently to be useful. agreed to this proposal. Since this is an experiment of sorts, I would greatly appreciate blunt comments, both positive and negative, from all readers willing to contribute to this experiment. INTRODUCTION Even though it may seem that the purpose of this paper is the descripIt is the purtion of some very specific devices, that is not the intent. pose of this paper to first explain some generic properties and advantages of a class of permanent magnet materials, and then to explain a number of very general design concepts that happen to be applied to components that I will first describe general purpose components are used in accelerators. (bend magnets, lenses) that are essential for the operation of an accelerI will then ator or storage ring, illustrated with specific examples. follow that up with an explanation of the functioning, and specific examples, of special devices (undulators/wigglers) that allow accelerator technology to serve other disciplines, among them materials research. * This work was supported by the Division of Advanced Energy Projects, U.S. Department of Energy.
Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 96. -1987 Materials Research Society
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Fig. 1 Of the many advantages of PM systems, the one
ADVANTAGES OF PM SYSTEMS Strongest fields when small
Compact Immersible in other fields
"Analytical"
material
No power supplies
7
Reliability
listed on top of this figure is the one that is usually the most exciting. The reason for the advantage listed on top is the following! When one scales an electromagnet in all dimensions while keeping the mag-n
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