Using Landsat 8 data to compare percent impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Using Landsat 8 data to compare percent impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of urban heat island effects in Connecticut, USA Zhiyuan Yang1,2 · Chandi Witharana2 · James Hurd2 · Kao Wang3 · Runmei Hao3 · Siqin Tong3 Received: 20 December 2018 / Accepted: 29 August 2020 / Published online: 15 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This empirical research examines the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the percent impervious surface area (%ISA) as indicators of urban heat island (UHI) effects, using the relationships between land surface temperature (LST), %ISA, and NDVI. Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor data were used to estimate the LST in Connecticut at different times. A map of the percent impervious surface was generated using the Impervious Surface Analysis Tool developed by the Center for Land Use Education and Research and distributed through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Strong linear relationships between LST and %ISA exist, as stated in previous studies, whereas the relationship between LST and NDVI is evidently affected by the seasons. As the patterns of LST in urban areas are influenced by the UHI, the results demonstrate that %ISA is a more reliable indicator of UHI effects than NDVI. Thus, %ISA could be a promising alternative for use in the quantitative analysis of LST when studying UHI effects. Keywords Land surface temperature · Seasonal variations · Quantitative analysis · Remote sensing
Introduction According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), more than 80% of the US population is now considered to live in urban environments. Furthermore, the average surface temperature across the contiguous 48 states has risen by an average rate of 0.4 °F per decade since the late 1970s (US EPA 2014). Therefore, it is important to analyze the relationship between urbanization and regional warming to assist in long-term sustainable management. An urban heat island (UHI) occurs when the extensive modification of the land surface leads to remarkably higher temperatures in urban areas than in suburban and rural areas (Voogt and Oke 2003). Because the surface UHIs are * Zhiyuan Yang [email protected] 1
Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
2
Department of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
3
College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China
typically characterized by land surface temperature (LST), many studies have used LST derived from remotely sensed data to study UHI effects (Li et al. 2014; Sheng et al. 2017). The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has been previously used as a major indicator of urban climate (Gallo et al. 1993; Lazzarini et al. 2015). During summertime, tests show that NDVI is negatively correlated with surface temp
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