Using profitable chrysanthemums for phytoremediation of Cd- and Zn-contaminated soils in the suburb of Shanghai
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SOILS, SEC 4 • ECOTOXICOLOGY • RESEARCH ARTICLE
Using profitable chrysanthemums for phytoremediation of Cdand Zn-contaminated soils in the suburb of Shanghai Fan Luo 1 & Xue-Feng Hu 1 & Kokyo Oh 2 & Li-Jun Yan 1 & Xin-Zhe Lu 3 & Wei-Jie Zhang 1 & Tetsushi Yonekura 2 & Shinichi Yonemochi 2 & Yugo Isobe 2 Received: 16 March 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose We studied the profitable phytoremediation method with commercial chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) in order to remediate the soils contaminated with heavy metals and generate economy income from the contaminated sites. Materials and methods A field experiment was carried out to remediate the contaminated soil through growing the commercial chrysanthemum plants in a farmland polluted with heavy metals of Cd and Zn due to application of creek sediments in the western suburb of Shanghai, Southeast China, since June 2013. Results and discussion After the consecutive 3 years of phytoremediation, Cd and Zn contents in the soil were reduced by 78.1% and 28.4%, respectively. We also found that the rice grain growing on the 3-year phytoremediated soil met the requirements of dietary safety, so did the vegetable growing on the 5-year phytoremediated soil. Conclusions Growing chrysanthemum plants as a method of phytoremediation can not only remove a large amount of toxic heavy metals from the contaminated soil but also be highly profitable from the sales of chrysanthemum flowers. Keywords Chrysanthemums . Phytoremediation . Heavy metals . Soil
1 Introduction Heavy metal pollution of soil has attracted worldwide concern as it poses high risks to human health (García-Carmona et al. 2017; Solgi et al. 2012). In China, a high rate of farmland is threatened by heavy metal contamination due to the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization over the
Responsible editor: Dong-Mei Zhou * Xue-Feng Hu [email protected] * Kokyo Oh [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
2
Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
3
Zhejiang Institute of Geological Survey, Hangzhou 311200, People’s Republic of China
recent decades. According to the nationwide survey, the over-standard rates of Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Ni in the soils of China attain 7.0%, 1.6%, 2.7%, 2.1%, 1.5%, 1.1%, 0.9%, and 4.8%, respectively (Environmental Protection Department/Ministry of Land and Resources 2014). About 10 million hectares of farmland in China is contaminated by Cd, As, Hg, Cu, and Zn to varying degrees, and, correspondingly, more than 10 million tons of rice grain is contaminated by Cd or As to some extent, causing a direct economic loss of about 3.3 billion USD each year (Department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 2013). Soil pollution by heavy metals not only adversely affects the quality of atm
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