Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in green space soils in Shanghai: source, distribution, and risk assessment
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SOILS, SEC 3 • REMEDIATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CONTAMINATED OR DEGRADED LANDS • RESEARCH ARTICLE
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in green space soils in Shanghai: source, distribution, and risk assessment Ping Chen 1,2 & Jing Liang 1,2 Received: 26 May 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to study the major sources, concentrations, and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three different types of green space in Shanghai. In addition, we will quantitatively assess the burden of PAHs in the soil, as well as the potential carcinogenic risk of PAHs in humans. These results will provide valuable information for soil remediation and human health risk management. Materials and methods A total of 166 surface soil samples were collected in parks, greenbelts, and woodlands. Soils were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to identify major PAH emission sources and quantitatively assess their contributions to PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was used to quantify the potential health risk of PAHs. Results and discussion The average concentrations of ∑15 PAHs are 227 ± 95 ng g−1, 1632 ± 251 ng g−1, and 1888 ± 552 ng g−1 in the woodland, park, and greenbelt soils, respectively. The PMF results show that biomass (33%), coal (21%), vehicles (17%), natural gas (14%), oil (9%), and coke (7%) are the dominant sources of PAHs in the park soils. Diesel (40%), tire debris (30%), biomass (15%), gasoline (9%), and oil (5%) are the main sources in the greenbelt soils. Biomass (48%), vehicles (37%), and coal (15%) are the main sources in the woodland soils. The ILCRs of adults and children who are exposed to PAHs in soils range from 9.53 × 10−8~1.42 × 10−5. Conclusion In three types of green space in Shanghai, the dominant PAHs are high–molecular weight (HMW) compounds (≥ 4 rings). This may be due to the proximity of the sampling site to emission sources. In addition, low–molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (with 2–3 rings) are relatively unstable, and these compounds are prone to volatilization and degradation. Source identification indicates that biomass combustion is the most dominant PAH source in the park and woodland soils, while vehicles are the dominant PAH source in the greenbelt soils. The ILCRs of adults and children indicate potential health risks, and children have a greater health risk than adults. Keywords Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Incremental lifetime cancer risk . Green space soils
1 Introduction Responsible editor: Kitae Baek * Jing Liang [email protected] Ping Chen [email protected] 1
Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, 200232 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
2
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites, 200232 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Polycyclic aromatic hydr
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