Utilization of ultrasonically forced pulsating water jet decaying for bone cement removal
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Utilization of ultrasonically forced pulsating water jet decaying for bone cement removal Akash Nag 1 & Sergej Hloch 2,3
&
Amit Rai Dixit 1 & Frank Pude 4
Received: 24 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 August 2020 / Published online: 17 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Ultrasonic pulsating water jet for non-thermal and selective removal of acrylic bone cement is studied. Variation of acoustic chamber length is used for tuning of the ultrasonic system into the resonance regime to gain maximum power transmission. The study investigates the minimal technological conditions such as nozzle traverse speed and supply water pressure required to generate disintegration grooves in bone cement mantle. It also proposes the safe standoff distance range, which is essential for its potential application during the extraction of bone cement without compromising host bone. Palacos R+G bone cement was used for the experiments. Generated groove depths were measured using MicroProf FRT and analyzed using SPIP software. Depth values showed an increasing trend with an increase in acoustic chamber length, decrease in traverse speed, and increase in supply pressure values. From the entire experimental domain, a maximum depth of 615 μm was obtained at 22-mm chamber length, 0.5mm/s traverse speed, 10-MPa pressure, and a standoff distance of 4 mm. Brittle fractured surface features like material chipping, micro-pits, cracks, and sheared material layers were observed in the SEM images. Disintegrated debris, diameter 21–37 μm, conceived from pit diameters can be used to design a suction unit. Real-time control of the disintegration process using accelerometer sensors was shown. The results support the idea of using pulsating water jet for bone cement removal in a single blind hole. Minimal technological parameters reduce reaction force of the hand tool, allowing bone cement removal without bone fracture or perforation. Keywords Ultrasonic resonance . Pulsating water jet . Bone cement removal . Surface morphology
Abbreviations β Solid–liquid contact angle [°] ρ1 Density of liquid [kg/m3] ρ2 Density of solid [kg/m3] Δt Time period [s]
* Sergej Hloch [email protected] 1
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826001, India
2
Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies TUKE with a seat in Prešov, 08001 Prešov, Slovakia
3
Institute of Geonics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 70800 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
4
Steinbeis High-Pressure Waterjet Technology Consulting Centre, 86497 Horgau, Germany
c1 c2 d D fo fi h lc p pi ps P Q r v vw z CWJ PWJ
Acoustic velocity of liquid [m/s] Acoustic velocity of solid [m/s] Nozzle diameter [mm] Hole diameter [mm] Operating frequency [kHz] Initial frequency [kHz] Disintegration depth [μm] Acoustic chamber length [mm] Supply water pressure [MPa] Compressive stress [MPa] Stagnation pressure [MPa] Output power [W] Theoretical volume flow rate [L/min] Radius of liquid mass [mm] Traverse speed [mm/s] Liquid velocity [m/s] Sta
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