Vaccines Against Tuberculosis: Problems and Prospects (Review)
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ines Against Tuberculosis: Problems and Prospects (Review) N. I. Nadolinskaiaa, *, D. S. Karpovb, and A. V. Goncharenkoa aBach
Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russia b Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received March 16, 2020; revised April 13, 2020; accepted April 22, 2020
Abstract—Despite the efforts of the global medical and scientific community, tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death from infectious diseases. The expectation of success associated with the development of new anti-TB drugs was not justified, and the attention of researchers was largely drawn to the creation of new mycobacterial strains for vaccination against tuberculosis. The proposed review contains current information on the existing vaccine strains and the development of new, genetically engineered strains for the prevention of tuberculosis and the prevention and treatment of other diseases. The review includes relevant information on the correlation between BCG vaccination and the frequency and severity of COVID-19 infection. Keywords: tuberculosis, BCG, vaccine, recombinant vaccine DOI: 10.1134/S0003683820050129
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It remains the leading cause of death from infectious diseases in many countries [1]. Today, tuberculosis is treated with a combination antibiotic therapy for 6–9 months, which causes significant side effects. The tuberculosis control strategy of the World Health Organization is currently aimed at strengthening disease prevention [2], and active work is underway around the world to develop improved tuberculosis vaccines, some of which have entered the clinical research phase. Today, Bacillus Calmett–Guerin (BCG) is still the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It successfully protects against tuberculosis (TB) in children, but it provides only partial protection against respiratory forms of TB in adolescents and adults. Albert Kalmet and Camille Guerin obtained BCG from the cattle TB pathogen Mycobacterium bovis via continuous passaging for several years, which led to a weakening of the strain. BCG has been used for vaccination since 1921. It also leads to a decrease in total infant mortality due to the nonspecific immunomodulating effect of mycobacterial vaccination. Although BCG has made a significant contribution to TB prevention [3], the loss of several dominant antigens and key molecular signs of pathogenic mycobacteria may explain its limitations in the prevention of adult TB. The proposed review contains current data on the existing BCG strains, on the development of genetically modified vaccine strains that may be capable of replacing BCG, and the optimal route for vaccine delivery to the body, and it
discusses the prospects for the use of BCG to fight other diseases. BCG strains and their genealogy. The main difference between BCG and the orig
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