Vaccines Against Chikungunya Virus Infection
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has since it re-emerged 10 years ago continued to spread globally and is now present on all continents causing millions of infections worldwide. There is no licensed vaccine available to combat CHIKV infection and numerous vaccin
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ction Since the first isolation of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Tanzania in the 1950s (Robinson 1955) sporadic outbreaks were found to emerge in various locations in Africa and Asia. However, following an adaptation to the globally distributed tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Tsetsarkin et al. 2014) CHIKV had larger outbreaks in the Indian Ocean area in 2005 and this was followed by other outbreaks in Asia involving millions of cases (Suhrbier et al. 2012). Furthermore, due to increased traveling worldwide, CHIKV has also spread to nonendemic areas such as Europe (Italy and France), Australia, the Americas, and Polynesia (Johansson 2015; Johansson et al. 2014; Powers 2015). With the occurrence of autochthonous K. Ljungberg • P. Liljeström (*) Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] B.M. Kümmerer University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany e-mail: [email protected] P. Roques Immuno-Virology Department, Institute of Emerging Disease and Innovative Therapy, CEA, Fontenay aux Roses, France University Paris-Sud XI, UMR-E1, Orsay, France e-mail: [email protected] M. Esteban Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain e-mail: [email protected] A. Merits Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 C.M. Okeoma (ed.), Chikungunya Virus, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42958-8_4
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outbreaks in nonendemic areas CHIKV infection has now emerged as a global concern (Rougeron et al. 2014; Weaver and Lecuit 2015). Currently there is no therapeutic treatment of CHIKV infection and although passive immunotherapy has been shown to be efficacious in animal models and could serve as one alternative (Couderc et al. 2009) this approach is yet to be tested in humans. There is currently no licensed vaccine available that could prevent CHIKV infection and given the expanding incidence of CHIKV infections globally, many teams have become engaged in the development of a CHIKV vaccine. This quest has recently been reviewed elsewhere (Ahola et al. 2015; Garcia et al. 2015; Garcia-Sastre and Mena 2013; Powers 2014; Weaver et al. 2012) and thus here we mostly focus on new developments and in particular on results emerging from recent clinical studies.
Novel Vaccine Candidates Live Attenuated Vaccines As live attenuated viruses in general have proven to be highly efficacious (Plotkin et al. 2013; Plotkin and Plotkin 2011), a number of CHIKV candidate vaccines have been developed using this approach. Two virus strains with large deletions in either the nsP3 gene or covering the entire 6K gene (Table 1) were shown to generate robust long-term B- and T-cell immune responses after a single immunization and to protect mice fully from a very high dose challenge with a wild-type CHIKV strain (Hallengärd et al. 2014a). Serial passage of the deletion mutant viru
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